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World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 14
The Renaissance and
Reformation
(1300–1650)
World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation
(1300–1650)
Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy
Section 2: The Renaissance Moves North
Section 3: The Protestant Reformation
Section 4: Reformation Ideas Spread
Section 5: The Scientific Revolution
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
1
The Renaissance in Italy
Objectives:
1. Why were the Italian city-states a favorable setting
for a cultural rebirth?
2. What was the Renaissance?
3. What themes and techniques did Renaissance artists
and writers explore?
1
Renaissance Italy
How the Crusades caused
the Renaissance
1
• European port cities expanded, especially those in Italy from which supplies were dispatched.
Venice and Genoa become major powers, not only from shipping supplies to the Crusader, but
from cargos received from the East.
• The arts of navigation improve allowing the construction of larger ships. This knowledge and
technology will be acquired by Portugal and Spain in their voyages of discovery. These voyages
were largely inspired by the desire to obtain the luxury goods such as silk, cotton, spices, and
porcelain that the Crusaders found in the East
• A tremendous demand was created for these products, but they were very expensive because
Turkish and Arab middlemen controlled access. The voyages of discovery, both the Portuguese
voyages around Africa and Columbus' voyage west, were designed to establish trade contacts with
the East, primarily China.
• These goods were not unknown to Europeans before the Crusades. Access to the Silk Road and
Spice Route are factors which helped to build support in Europe in addition to religious fervor.
• Islamic writings as well as classical works lost to the West began to the West after the call of Rome
began ton reach Western scholars. This fueled a spirit of inquiry just as universities began to be
founded in the West.
• This inspired an increased interest in the classics, especially in Italy, but other Western kingdoms
as well. Gradually a new philosophical tradition rose to compete with the Catholic Church
1
Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy?
•
The Renaissance was marked by a new interest in
the culture of ancient Rome.
•
Italy had been the center of the Roman empire.
•
The cities of Italy had survived the Middle Ages
and grown into prosperous centers of trade and
manufacturing.
•
A wealthy merchant class in the Italian city-states
stressed education and individual achievement
and spent lavishly on the arts.
•
Florence produced an amazing number of gifted
poets, artists, architects, scholars, and scientists.
More on why Italy?
Italy had always been somewhat
different than the other European
powers.
Italy was never fully feudalized and it
rejected most of the feudal
practices
Medieval traditions in Italy were weak
Italian city-states grew wealthy
because of its location on the
Mediterranean they were centers
of wealth and crossroads of culture
Its influence in the trade with the
Crusaders
THE MERCHANT PRINCES
These were individuals and families who had become wealthy
through trade.
They had a respect for human achievement and a
commitment to public good.
Combined, these traits led to civic humanism.
For our purposes, they were the key patrons of the arts.
An example would be the Medici family
The Medici Family
• Cosimo-spent a considerably part of his huge wealth on charitable
acts, live simply, and cultivated literature and the arts. He amassed
the largest library in Europe, brought in many Greek sources,
including the works of Plato, he was a patron of many artists
including the great master Donatello. During his rule and that of his
sons and grandson, Florence became the cultural center of Europe
and the cradle of the new Humanism.
• Lorenzo The Magnificent," as he was called by the people of
Florence, was a statesman, ruler, and patron of the arts. Lorenzo
ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano, from 1469 to
1478. After his brother's assassination in 1478, he was sole ruler
until his death.
• Lorenzo's greatest contribution to history was his patronage of the
arts. He contributed more than anyone to the flowering of Florentine
genius in the late 15th century, supporting such giants as Leonardo
da Vinci and Michelangelo.
1
What Was the Renaissance?
• The Renaissance was a time of creativity and change in
many areas–political, social, economic, and cultural.
• Most important were the changes that took place in the
way people viewed themselves and their world.
• Renaissance thinkers explored the human experience in the
here and now. They emphasized individual achievement.
• The Renaissance ideal was the person with talent in many
fields.
The Revival of Europe
• Although generally classified by most scholars as the last century of the
medieval era, the 14th century is generally seen as the beginning of the
Renaissance and the beginning of a modern state of mind. "Renaissance"
means "rebirth" in French and describes the cultural and economic changes
that occurred in Europe beginning in the 14th century.
1
Humanism
At the heart of the Italian Renaissance was an intellectual movement known
as humanism.
• a system of thought that is based on the values, characteristics, and
behavior that are believed to be best in human beings, rather than on
any supernatural authority
• Humanism was based on the study of classical culture and focused on
worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. They believed the classical
writers could teach important ideas about life, love, and beauty
• Humanists studied the humanities, the subjects taught in ancient Greece
and Rome. They believed that education should stimulate creativity.
• Humanists wanted people to improve their lives through learning and new
experiences
• Humanists praised the individual and the world in which they lived.
• Humanists weren’t interested in religious topics.
1
Renaissance Artists and Writers Explored New Themes and Techniques
PAINTERS
WRITERS
Wrote self-help books to help
ambitious men and women rise
in the Renaissance world
Developed realistic style
Learned rules of perspective
Used shading to make objects
look round and real
Studied human anatomy
Used live models
ARCHITECTS
Rejected Gothic style
Adopted columns, domes, and
arches that had been favored
by the Greeks and Romans
2
Humanists Writers
Humanists stressed education and classical learning.
They believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring about religious
and moral reforms.
Three humanists:
Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be translated from
Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.
Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society.
Niccolo Machiavelli- Author of The Prince- A political guidebook- “The ends justify the
means, “It is better to be feared than loved”
Machiavelli- Author of The Prince
Would you like to be under a ruler that followed
Machiavelli’s ideas?
“It is better to be feared than loved”
and
“The ends justify the means”
1
Three Geniuses of Renaissance Art
LEONARDO
Made sketches of nature and of
models
Dissected corpses to learn how
the human body worked
Masterpieces include Mona Lisa
and The Last Supper
Studied botany, anatomy,
optics, music, architecture, and
engineering
Made sketches for flying
machines and undersea boats
MICHELANGELO
RAPHAEL
Talented sculptor, engineer, painter, Studied the works of
Michelangelo and Leonardo
architect, and poet
Paintings blended Christian
Sculpted the Pieta and statue of
and classical styles
David
Painted huge mural to decorate the
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in
Rome
Designed the dome for St. Peter’s
Cathedral in Rome
Best known for paintings of the
Madonna, the biblical mother of
Jesus
Renaissance Art
15th and 16th century
Artistic Vocabulary
• Classics
• Perspective
• Fresco
• Realism
• Patron
• Secular
• Vanishing point
• Madonna
• Vernacular
Humanism was an important movement in the
Renaissance literature. Humanists wanted people to improve
their lives through learning and new experiences. They urged
people to study Ancient Greece and Rome literature. They
believed the classical writers could teach important ideas about
life, love, and beauty. Humanists praised the individual and the
world in which they lived. Humanists weren’t interested in
religious topics.
Secularism is the
focus on things that
can be experienced
in the here-and-now.
Renaissance artists
usually emphasized
the muscles and bone
structures of their
subjects, even if their
subjects were angels
and saints.
Michelangelo’s “David”
Michelangelo was born on March 6, 1475. In
April of 1508, Michelangelo was summoned to Rome by
Julius II. He wanted Michelangelo to paint bible scenes on
the Sistine Chapel Ceiling. Michelangelo was a Painter
sculptor, architect, and poet. Also Lorenzo di Medici, ruler
of Florence, hired Michelangelo to create many works of
art for him. His most famous works in architecture were
the dome on top of St. Peters Church in the Vatican and
the square of buildings that form the civic center of Rome.
The Pieta by Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel
David by Michelangelo and Donetello
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15,
1452. He became a Painter, an architect, a
scientist, sculptor, and engineer. His most
famous works were The Mona Lisa and The
Last Supper. In his sketch book there were
designs for a flying machine, a bicycle, a
machine gun, and a submarine. He also
planned a canal system and several
buildings for Milan. In addition to everything
else, Leonardo also studied botany,
anatomy, and biology.
Leonardo da Vinci’s
“Mona Lisa”
Da Vinci’s Mona Lisa
TheLast Supper
Classical Influence
Raphael’s St.
Catherine done in
1507
Raphael was born in Urbino in 1483 and received his first
instruction in the techniques of painting from his father, Giovanni
Santi, a minor artist. At the age of seventeen, his father sent him to
Perugia to become an apprentice under the highly-regarded
Perugino School. The idealizing beauty of Peruginesque women,
with their strikingly small mouths, lingers on for some time in the
faces of Raphael's Madonnas. In autumn 1508, shortly after
summoning Michelangelo to Rome, Julius II also sent for Raphael. If
Vasari is to be believed, the Pope acted upon the recommendation
of Bramante, the architect of St.Peter's, who was also originally from
the Urbino area. Raphael is best known for his Madonnas and for
his large figure compositions in the Vatican in Rome.
Raphael’s School at Athens
2
Artists of the Northern Renaissance
• The Northern Renaissance began in Flanders and later spread to
Spain, France, Germany, and England.
• Albrecht Dürer traveled to Italy to study. Through his art and
essays, he helped spread the Renaissance to Germany.
• He is called the “German Leonardo.”
• Jan and Hubert van Eyck painted townspeople in rich, realistic
detail. They also developed oil paint.
• Pieter Bruegel used vibrant colors to portray peasant life. His
work influenced later Flemish artists.
• Peter Paul Reubens blended the realistic traditions of Flemish
painters with the classical themes and artistic freedom of the
Italian Renaissance.
2
Northern Humanists
Like their Italian counterparts, northern humanists stressed education and
classical learning.
They believed that the revival of ancient learning should be used to bring
about religious and moral reforms.
Two humanists:
Desiderius Erasmus called for reform of the church and for the bible to be
translated from Latin into the vernacular, or language of ordinary people.
Thomas More pressed for social reform and wrote of a utopian society.
2
The Printing Revolution
A printing revolution took place when:
• In 1456, Johann Gutenberg printed the Bible using
the first printing press and printing inks.
• Movable type was developed twenty years later.
IMPACT:
• Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce.
• With books more readily available, more people learned
to read.
• Readers gained access to a broad range of knowledge and
ideas.
2
Writers of the Northern Renaissance
RABELAIS
French humanist who
was a monk, physician,
Greek scholar, and
author
Offered opinions on
religion, education, and
other subjects in
Gargantua and
Pantagruel.
SHAKESPEARE
English poet who was
the towering figure of
Renaissance literature
Wrote 37 plays that are
still performed around
the world
His love of words vastly
enriched the English
language.
CERVANTES
Spanish author who
wrote Don Quixote,
which mocks romantic
notions about
medieval chivalry
The Reformation
The Reformation is the name commonly given to the
religious upheavals of the 16th century. This movement
started in the Middle Ages and is even continuing today. In
this movement the people of Europe began to demand
changes in the Roman Catholic Church. Due to their protests
these people are now called Protestant and the reforms or
changes that occurred lead us to call this period the
Reformation.
During the Middle Ages the Church was the oldest and best
established institution. It acted as a government: taxing the
people, administering justice within a court, schooling the
children, healing the sick and relieving the poor.
3
Abuses in the Church
Beginning in the late Middle Ages, the Church had become
increasingly caught up in worldly affairs.
• Popes competed with Italian princes for political power.
• Popes fought long wars to protect the Papal States against
invaders.
• Some clergy promoted the sale of indulgences.
• Popes led lavish lifestyles and spent a great deal of money
on the arts.
• The Church increased fees for services such as weddings
and baptisms to finance worldly projects.
Martin Luther:
Luther was one of a few men who significantly altered the
course of world history, was born in Eisleben, Germany
on November 10, 1483. He entered university in 1501 and
intended to study law but, narrowly escape from lightning
moved him to enter a monastery in 1505.
Finally, focusing on Paul's statement, "The just shall live
by faith“ Luther came to the conclusion that men were
saved by the grace of God. God's grace was given, not on
the basis of good works, but on the basis of absolute faith
in God's promises. However, this faith, Luther asserted,
was wholly the gift of God.
What offended Luther most was the sale of
indulgences. In 1517 Johann Tetzel came to Germany
to sell indulgences for the building of St.Peter's Basilica
in Rome. Indulgences meant the purchaser, or the dead
for whom they were purchased, would not have to
suffer temporal punishment in purgatory for their sins.
On October 31, 1517 Luther nailed his famous Ninetyfive Theses challenging indulgences to the Castle
Church door in Wittenberg. This was the customary
manner of calling for a debate, but this act was the
spark which exploded the powder keg of the Protestant
Reformation.
.
Luther's Teachings
1. Salvation by faith alone.
2. Denial of papal authority and infallibility.
3. Denial of clerical celibacy.
4. Priesthood of all believers.
5. Reduction in sacraments. Luther reduced the
number of sacraments from seven to two: the
Lord's Supper and baptism.
Papal Bull: A letter or decree from the Pope
concerning a serious issue. The name comes from a
Latin term for the seal (bulla) which closed the letter.
Excommunication: This means to be cut off from
participation in the rituals and the blessings of the
Church and the protection of the priests.
In 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull ordering
Luther to recant his statements. Luther publicly
burned the Papal Bull in a bonfire.
The spread of Luther’s ideas would not have occurred
if it were not for the invention and use of the printing
press. Instead of being one man’s revolt against the
church this became a religious revolution.
Pope Leo X then ordered the German Princes to assist
and a t a German parliament (The Diet of Worms) this
group tried Luther as a heretic. They sentenced him to
house arrest and ordered his books burned.
In the next number of years he translated the Bible to
German and created a new Church called the
Lutherans. This church has three basic beliefs:
1.Justification by faith alone
2.There are only 2 sacraments (Lord’s Supper and
Baptism)
3.The Bible is the basis
John Calvin
John Calvin was born July 10, 1509 in Noyon, France,
fifty-eight miles northeast of Paris. Through the
influence of his father, who was a secretary and attorney
in the local bishopric, Calvin was introduced to the
upper class of French society. Initially, he was directed
to the study of theology, but after his father's fight with
local church officials it was determined that he would
study law.
At some point in the years 1532-33 Calvin's attitude
under went a sudden and dramatic change. He became
convinced that God's will had to be obeyed, and from
then on religion occupied first place in his thoughts.
In 1536 he moved to Geneva Switzerland and published
his famous “Institutes of the Christian Religion”. These
included his principles of faith:
Original sin: This doctrine asserts that all men, as a
result of Adam's fall, are born with sinful, corrupted
natures. Each person inherits Adam's guilt and sin and is
absolutely incapable of goodness.
Predestination: God arbitrarily elected, or chose, certain
individuals to be saved before they were even born. He
chooses people based on his own will not because of
anything they had done.
Irresistible Grace: men cannot do anything to effect
their salvation, it is only the work of God. God makes
the sinner faithful and repent. The elect, then, are
literally forced to be saved.
Calvin’s ideas were very popular in Genoa and allowed
him to rule for 23 years. This was a Theocracy were the
church ruled and only those who were faithful were
permitted to vote or hold office. Calvin ruled as a
ruthless dictator who saw criticism as heresy.and in one
five year period 58 heretics were burned while more
than 70 were banished.
The popularity of these ideas allowed Calvinism to
spread to France (Huguenots) and England (Puritans)
Calvin versus Luther
Calvin’s ideas were both similar and different from
Luther’s. Both were Christian and both agreed with
justification by faith and neither believed in
Transubstantiation. (that during communion the bread and
wine were actually the body and blood of Christ) They
both believed that the bread and wine simply represented
the body and blood of Christ.
Calvin however disagreed with Luther on the use of the
cross and the decoration of the church. Calvinist churches
therefore were built without crosses or stained glass
windows.
Protestant Versus Roman Catholic
Protestant
Salvation Justification by faith
alone. Human action
means nothing
Priests
All believers are have
equal access to God
Scripture The scripture is the
only source of
teachings
Catholic
Both faith and good works
(devotion, charity) are
necessary for salvation.
(Humans are responsible for
their own salvation
Only priests have the
training to perform
sacraments and interpret
scripture
Scripture must be
interpreted by the Pope,
councils and priests
Protestant
Communion The Lord’s supper
is only symbolic
Catholic
The Holy communion is a
mystery and the body and
blood of Christ are present
Saints
No saints should be Saints go to God on behave
objects of prayer
of people and therefore
should be honoured
Sacraments
2 (Baptism and
Communion)
7 (Baptism, Communion,
Penance, Confirmation,
Marriage, Holy orders, and
Last Rites)
The Effects of The Reformation
1. People began to believe in themselves and view the
world with greater optimism.
2. People began to believe that they can accomplish
goods things with God’s help.
3. Christianity was officially divided between the
Protestant and Roman Catholic religions.
4. The Protestant ideas encourage individualism and
competition. This lead directly to the growth of
capitalism.
No Going Back
 Though the Catholic Holy Roman Empire does not end
until 1806, the German states are separated from the
influence of Rome during the age of the Reformation.
 The German princes of the north protect Luther from
the pope and the Holy Roman emperor, while gaining
political power by assuming many of the privileges
once reserved for the church.
 The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 temporarily reconciles
the Protestant north and the Catholic south in the
German states, and the conflict moves west into the
monarchies of Spain and France.
4
Radical Reformers
As the Reformation continued, hundreds of new Protestant sects sprang
up.
These sects often had ideas that were even more radical than those of
Luther and Calvin.
One radical group, the Anabaptists, rejected infant baptism.
• Some Anabaptists wanted to abolish private property.
• Others wanted use violence to speed up judgment day.
• Called for religious tolerance & separation of Church and state.
Radical Reformers
 Luther's Protestantism has by and large beneficially
cleaned up the church, but as time goes on the uglier
side of the Reformation begins to arise.
 Reformers more extreme than Luther begin to make
further demands for change. Among these is a scholar
Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland.
 Beyond rejecting the usual discrepancies between
biblical teachings and church practice, Zwingli wants
all ritual abolished. No imagery is acceptable, not the
crucifix, the chalice of the holy wine, clerical
vestments, or organ music.
4
The Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III led a vigorous reform movement within the Catholic
Church.
Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the Church and roll
back the Protestant tide. To accomplish these goals, he:
• Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform
should take;
• Strengthened the Inquisition;
• Recognized a new religious order, the Jesuits, to combat heresy
and spread the Catholic faith.
Counter-Reformation
 The response of the Roman Church to the reformers'
demands is the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits,
founded by Ignatius of Loyola, aggressively lead a
campaign to support Catholic doctrine.
 The members of the order acting behind the scenes in
the Catholic monarchies, exercise a strong influence in
political spheres. Counter-reformation forces will
uphold papal authority and will ensure that,
canonization and veneration of saints remains a
cornerstone of celebratory ritual.
 In addition the visual grandeur of the church is to be
encouraged and generously financed.
Council of Trent
• The Church’s interpretation of Scripture
was final
• Christians were saved by Grace through
faith and good works not by works alone
• The Bible the Church Traditions and the
Magisterium (teaching office of the Church)
are all equally powerful authorities
• Indulgences were a valid expression of the
faith but their sale was outlawed
4
England and the Church
In 1528, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul, or
cancel, his marriage.
The pope refused Henry’s request.
Henry took the Church from the pope’s control and
created the Church of England.
Protestant King Edward VI brought Protestant reforms
to England.
Queen Mary wanted to restore Catholicism to England. She
had hundreds of English Protestants burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth forged a compromise between
Protestants and Catholics.
Henry VIII, I am, I am
• Origins of Anglicanism
• The origins for the
Reformation in England
came during the reign of
Henry VIII (1509-47).
• Earlier, he was called by
the Pope, “The Defender of
the Faith.”
• The real reason was that
his wife of 18 years,
Catherine of Aragon, could
only provide him with
daughters.
Henry’s Papal Request
•
When it became apparent that
Catherine could no longer bear
children.
• Henry decided that she had to go.
• Henry asked the Pope for an
“annulment.”
• But the Pope could not give Henry
what he wanted.
• Since Catherine was the “favorite”
Aunt of Charles V whose troops
occupied Rome
Henry’s Response to the Pope’s Denial
• When the Pope failed to respond, Henry took matters into his
own hands.
• Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy making the King the
head of the Church in England not the Pope.
• Henry then seized all Church lands.
• Then the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer granted
Henry’s annulment.
• This freed Henry to marry Anne Boleyn.
• Henry was married six times in all.
No Matter How Things Change,
They Still Stay The Same
• Henry was no Protestant.
• Parliament passed the Six Articles that maintained
traditional Catholic Doctrine.
• Both Protestants and Catholics that challenged
Henry met the same fate.
• Only during the short reign of his son, Edward VI
(1547-53) did England move in the direction of
Protestantism.
The many wives of Henry
Tudor
•
•
•
•
•
•
Wife #1 - Catherine of Aragon
Wife #2 - Anne Boleyn
Wife #3 - Jane Seymour
Wife #4 - Anne of Cleves
Wife #5 - Katherine Howard
Wife #6 - Katherine Parr
Changes During the Reign of Edward
VI and After
• Thomas Cranmer introduced the Book
of Common Prayer.
• As well as the Forty-Two Articles of
Faith that were in the Calvinist
tradition.
• But following the early death of
Edward there was a period of reaction
under the reign of Mary I (1553-58).
• She restored Catholicism and even
married Philip II of Spain.
The Virgin Queen
Elizabeth I, The Virgin Queen
• She was a free spirit who thought Theology was a bore.
• Her chief interest was protecting her realm -- England.
• Slowly during her reign, England became more Protestant.
• Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer was readopted.
Elizabeth Continued
• The 42 Articles were reduced to 39
Articles of Faith.
• The Episcopal System was retained as
well as two of the Seven Sacraments.
• Almost everyone in England accepted
her changes, except for the militants -known as the Puritans
4
Causes and Effects of the Protestant Reformation
Immediate Effects
Long-Term Effects
Peasants’ Revolt
Religious wars in Europe
Founding of Lutheran, Calvinist,
Anglican, Presbyterian, and
other Protestant churches
Catholic Reformation
Weakening of Holy Roman
Empire
Jewish migration to Eastern
Europe
Luther calls for Jews to be
expelled from Christian lands
Increased antisemitism
Strengthening of the Inquisition
4
Widespread Persecution
During this period of heightened religious passion, both Catholics
and Protestants fostered intolerance.
Catholics killed Protestants and Protestants killed Catholics.
Between 1450 and 1750, tens of thousands of people, mostly
women, died as victims of witch hunts.
In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos, or separate
quarters of the city. In other places, they were expelled from
Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned.
4
Major European Religions about 1600
5
The Scientific Revolution
• How did astronomers change the way people viewed
the universe?
• What was the new scientific method?
• What advances did Newton and other scientists
make?
Changing Views of the
Universe
5
Until the mid-1500s, Europeans accepted Ptolemy’s theory, that
the Earth was the center of the universe. This theory matched the
teachings of the Church.
In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed a heliocentric, or suncentered, model of the universe.
In the late 1500s, Tycho Brahe set up an observatory and provided
evidence to support Copernicus’ theory.
Johannes Keppler proposed that each planet moved around the
sun in an oval-shaped orbit called an ellipse.
Galileo Galilei built a telescope and confirmed the heliocentric
model. This discovery caused an uproar and Galileo was tried
before the Inquisition.
5
The Scientific Method
This new approach to science depended on observation and
experimentation.
5
Scientific Advances
The 1500s and 1600s saw breakthroughs in many branches of
science.
Isaac Newton proposed the
law of gravity.
Robert Boyle differentiated elements from
compounds and explained the effects of
temperature and pressure on gases.
Andreas Vesalius published the first
accurate study of human anatomy.
William Harvey described the
circulation of blood for the first
time.
Ambroise Pare developed an ointment for
preventing infection and a technique for
stitching wounds.
Anthony von Leeuwenhoek perfected the
microscope and was the first human to see
cells and microorganisms.