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Digestion and Absorption Continued… Mouth to Stomach • food pushes into the esophagus (muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach) • food carried via peristalsis • lower esophageal sphincter controls the passage of food and liquid between the esophagus and stomach • as food approaches the closed sphincter, the muscle relaxes and lets food pass through to the stomach Stomach • stores swallowed food and liquid • mixes food and liquid with digestive enzymes and acid it produces (chyme) • Acidic due to HCl (pH 13) – Why doesn’t the stomach get damaged with such a low pH? Gastric Enzymes • Pepsin: breaks protein into amino acids • Gastric Lipase: breaks apart lipids Small Intestine • muscles mix food with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and intestine and push the mixture forward (via persistalsis) to the large intestine • walls absorb the digested nutrients (via vili) into the bloodstream • pH 8 Major Pancreatic Enzymes • Trypsinogen: protease • Lipase: breaks apart lipids into glycerol and fatty acids • Amylase: breaks starch down into glucose Liver and Gallblader • gallbladder is located under the liver and on the right side of the abdomen – primary function is to store and concentrate bile (yellow-brown liquid produced by the liver) • bile aids in the digestion of fats and neutralizing the chyme leaving the stomach Large Intestine • waste products of the digestive process include undigested parts of food and older cells from the GI tract lining • absorbs water and any remaining nutrients and changes the waste from liquid into stool • rectum stores stool Gastric Parasites • Coccidiosis: acute invasion and destruction of intestinal mucosa by protozoa • Clinical signs: diarrhea, fever, decreased appetite, weight loss, & emaciation • Potential to be fatal Coccidiosis • Pathogenesis: ingestion of oocysts via feces • Diagnostic: clinical signs and fecal sample • Treatment: Sulfadimethoxine • Canine or feline coccidia are not considered zoonotic agents Gastric Parasites • Giardia: intestinal infection caused by a protozoan parasite (“beaver fever”) • Clinical signs: acute foulsmelling diarrhea, greenish tinge or bloody diarrhea, excess mucus in the feces, and vomiting gradual weight loss may become apparent • Potential to be fatal Giardia • Pathogenesis: transmitted by eating or sniffing the cysts from contaminated ground, or by drinking contaminated water • Diagnostics: clinical signs and fecal test • Treatment: Metronidazole • Zoonotic