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The Digestive System Maintenance Systems Unit 5 The Basic Functions of the Digestive System • Ingestion-taking nutrients into the body, i.e., eating • Digestion-the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a usable form • Absorption-the movement of molecules through the mucosal lining of the stomach and small intestine, and into the blood • Excretion-the removal of solid waste from the body The Digestive Organs • • • • • • • • Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines Large Intestines Rectum Anus Mouth • • Ingestion- eating Mechanical digestion – Teeth • • Mastication-chewing Chemical digestion – Salivary glands- secrete salivary amylase • • digestion of carbohydrates begins Mechanical +Chemical digestion – Softens food and creates a bolus Teeth (accessory organ) • Four types of teeth – Incisors- front 4 top and bottom – Cuspids- also known as canines for their pointed shape – Bicuspids- also known as premolars and have a flattened crown – Molars- back teeth for crushing and grinding food • “typical” tooth parts – – – – Crown/neck/root- from top to bottom Enamel/dentin/pulp- from outside in Gingiva- gums Peridontal ligament/cementum- hold teeth to jaw Pharynx (throat) • Deglutition- swallowing • A passageway for food, liquids, and air Esophagus • Muscular tube located behind the trachea • About 10 inches long • Peristalsis- wave-like contractions – Transports bolus from the pharynx to the stomach Stomach • J-shaped pouch located below the diaphragm – Fundus – Rugue – Sphincter • Mechanical digestion – maceration (churning) • Chemical digestion – gastric juice secretion • Hydrochloric acid- breaks down bolus into chyme • Pepsin- breaks down protein Small Intestines • Mechanical digestion – – • Peristalsis continues Absorption of nutrients is highly active Chemical digestion – – – – • Bile- made in the liver, stored in the gallbladder; emulsifies fat Trypsin- made in pancreas to break down protein Amylase- made in pancreas to break down carbohydrates Lipase- made in pancreas to break down fats Three divisions of the small intestines: – – – Duodenum – first portion of the small intestine where the majority of chemical digestion occurs. Jejunum – middle portion of the small intestine where the majority of absorption of nutrients occurs. Ileum – final portion of where absorption occurs. Large Intestines • Also called the colon – Cecum – Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon – Rectum – Anus • Mechanical digestion – Haustral churning – Absorption- water, vitamins, electrolytes, production of vitamin K; changes chyme to feces Rectum • The last portion of the large intestine which functions as a temporary storage of solid wastes before excretion Anus • • The final portion of the rectum Mechanical digestion • Defecation- excretion of feces through anal sphincter (anus) Diseases and Disorders of the Digestive System Colon Cancer • Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed to have developed from polyps (benign tumors). • Cancer of the colon and rectum, also called colorectal cancer can invade and damage adjacent tissues and organs. • Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, change in bowel habits including diarrhea or constipation, red or dark blood in stool, weight loss, abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating. • Surgery is the most common treatment for colon cancer. Chron’s Disease • Chron’s disease is an ongoing disorder that causes inflammation of the digestive tract. • The disease can affect any area of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus, but it most commonly affects the lower part of the small intestine, the ileum. • The swelling extends deep into the lining of the affected organ. • The swelling can cause pain and can make the intestines empty frequently, resulting in diarrhea. • Chron’s disease may be caused by an abnormally functioning immune system. • Treatment includes prescription medications, nutritional supplements, surgery, or a combination of these. • There is no cure. Celiac Disease • Celiac disease is a digestive disease that damages the small intestine and interferes with absorption of nutrients from food. • People who have celiac disease cannot tolerate a protein called gluten, found in wheat, rye, and barley. • When people with celiac disease eat foods or use products that contain gluten, their immune system responds by damaging the small intestine. • Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that is genetic. • The most common symptoms include pain in the digestive system or other parts of the body. • The only know treatment is a gluten-free diet. Appendicitis • Appendicitis, inflammation of the appendix, is the most common surgical disease. • It results from the obstruction of the opening to the appendix by a mass, stricture or infection. • Symptoms of appendicitis include generalized abdominal pain, pain localized in the lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, possibly fever, and an elevated white blood cell count. • Treatment involves the removal of the appendix and antibiotics. Inguinal Hernia • Inguinal hernias occur when a part of the intestine protrudes through a weak point or tear in the abdominal wall. • This protrusion creates a bulge which can be painful. • Some inguinal hernias occur at birth when the abdominal lining does not close properly. • Other inguinal hernias occur later in life when muscles weaken or deteriorate. • The most common treatment is surgery. Careers • • • • • Dentist Dental Assistant Dental Hygienist Dietitian Central Service Technician DENTIST • Diagnose, prevent, and treat problems with teeth or mouth tissue. • Remove decay, fill cavities, examine x-rays • Extract teeth and make models and measurements for dentures to replace missing teeth. • Administer anesthetics and write prescriptions for antibiotics and other medications • 2-4 years of pre-req (Bachelors degree) + 4 years of dental school and 2 year internship, pass licensing boards • 9 specialty areas to pursue after (orthodontics, surgery, periodontist…) 2-4 + years of school and post residency • Salary: $95,000-160,000 DENTAL HYGIENTIST • Remove soft and hard deposits from teeth • Teach patients how to practice good oral hygiene • Take and develop dental x-rays; and apply cavitypreventive agents such as fluorides and pit and fissure sealants • Hygienists sometimes work chair-side with the dentist during treatment • Associate degree, can go on and get Bachelors and Masters degree, licensure is required • $45,000-70,000 DENTAL ASSISTANT • Make patients as comfortable as possible in the • • • • dental chair, prepare them for treatment, and obtain their dental records. Hand instruments and materials to dentists and keep patients’ mouths dry and clear by using suction or other devices. Assistants also sterilize and disinfect instruments and equipment On the job training, can obtain dental assistant certificate through 1 year program at ATCs $22,000-35,000/year DIETITIAN • Plan food and nutrition programs and supervise the preparation and serving of meals • Help to prevent and treat illnesses by promoting healthy eating habits and recommending dietary modifications • Dietitians manage food service systems for institutions such as hospitals and schools • Work in hospitals, private settings, universities, research labs, long term care facilities, private consultants • Bachelors degree in Dietetics or Food and Nutritionlicensure required • $40,000-60,000 CENTRAL SERVICES TECHNITICIAN • Responsible for the procurement of surgical supplies and equipment • Responsible for contaminating, cleaning, processing, assembling, sterilizing, storing and distributing the medical devices and supplies needed in patient care, especially during surgery • On the job training is an option, but obtaining a certificate as a Central Services Technician preferred- 8 week program • Work primarily in hospitals • $25,000-35,000 Word Parts- roots • • • • • • • • Col/o- colon Cheil/o- lip Gastr/o- stomach Gingiv/o- gum Stomat/o- mouth Hepat/o- liver Cholecyst/o- gallbladder Proct/o- rectum Word Parts/Abbreviations • • • • • • -ia – condition -itis –inflammation GI- Gastrointestinal IV- intravenous Tx- treatment Dx- diagnosis Vocabulary • Absorption- uptake through a membrane or tissue • Bolus- semi-solid food lump • Chyme- liquefied food mixed with enzymes • Defecation- evacuation of fecal matter • Deglutition- swallowing • Digestion- process of breaking down food into a usable form • Emulsification- breakdown of large lipid molecules into smaller ones Vocabulary • Excretion- evacuation of fecal matter • Feces- undigested waste products • Haustral churning- muscular contraction pushing matter into next pouch • Ingestion- eating, taking in food • Maceration- churning within the stomach to soak bolus in enzymes • Mastication- chewing • Peristalsis- wave-like motion