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Comparative Digestion Systems & Processes Modified by Ashlee Gibson The Digestion Process • Food is broken down • Animals have digestive systems adapted to the foods that they consume • Four types of digestive systems – – – – _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ Ruminant Digestive System Modified to handle the breakdown of large amounts of _________________ Ruminant Digestive System • Mouth – no upper ___________________, hard palate – molars for grinding coarse vegetation – saliva does not contain ___________________ • _______________________________ – muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach Ruminant Digestive Systems • • • • The Four Compartmented Stomach Rumen: storage area and _______________________________ Reticulum: nails and wire may be found here-_____________________ stomach Omasum: eliminates excess ___________from feed Abomasum: true stomach, _____________ and __________________ are secreted Ruminant Digestive Systems Stomach (cont.) • _______________: first step in rumination – large quantities of roughage are consumed and are chewed just enough to swallow – after swallowing, regurgitation (“cud chewing”) takes place, food is re-chewed Ruminant Digestive System • Small Intestine – – – – connects stomach to large intestine ______________________________________ contains bile and pancreatic juices pushes food through by muscle contractions Ruminant Digestive System • Large Intestine – Contains Cecum, Colon and Rectum • ____________________: sac at junction of small intestine and large intestine • Colon and rectum: at end of system – not as long as small intestine, but larger in diameter – water and some nutrient absorption occurs here – where residue solidifies before excretion Monogastric Digestive System Characterized by inability to digest roughage efficiently Monogastric Digestive System • Mouth – has upper and lower incisors – ________________________ secreted which breaks down nutrients • Esophagus – connects mouth to stomach Monogastric Digestive System • Stomach – secretes _________________________ to break down nutrients – enzymes such as ______________ also secreted here – churning action mixes food • Small and Large Intestine • function just as in ruminant systems Avian Digestive Systems Characterized by several organs not found in other species that are adapted for grinding hard or encased food Avian Digestive Systems • Mouth – ____________________________________ – Salivation excretion ____________________ • Esophagus – has a modification called the _____________ which stores and moistens food – connects mouth and stomach Avian Digestive Systems • Stomach – Contains two parts • _______________________________: same as monogastric stomach and provides digestive excretions • _______________________________: located after proventriculus, very muscular, used to grind food Avian Digestive Systems • Small Intestine – similar functions as in ruminants and monogastric systems • Large Intestine – similar functions as in ruminants and monogastric systems – _____________________ chamber into which urinary and genital canals open – ___________________ aids in fiber digestion and absorption Equine Digestive Systems Characterized by non-ruminant animals that consume and digest feeds high in fiber Equine Digestive Systems • Mouth – intact top and bottom incisors – molars adapted to chewing fibrous feeds – no digestive enzymes in saliva • Esophagus – not well adapted for _____________________ – connects mouth and stomach Equine Digestive System • Stomach – similar to monogastric system • Small intestine – similar to monogastric and ruminant systems – ____________________ to store bile – enlarged _______________ to aid in fiber breakdown Equine Digestive System • Large Intestine – similar to monogastric systems – _________________________ (at junction of small and large intestines) and colon take up most of the volume of the equine digestive system