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Mammals Digestive System • Purpose: To break down food into useable molecules to be carried to cells via blood A. B. C. D. E. Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestines Large Intestines 3 types of nutrients: Carbohydrates: -provide quick energy -bun Fats/lipids: -long term energy -cheese and in red meat Protein: -build and maintain our cells and tissues -cheese and red meat Digestive Pathway…..where food travels through. 1) Mouth-teeth physical digestion of all food types. 2) Salivary glands Produce saliva Empties into mouth Under the direction of your brain -how commercials work Contains enzyme amylase Chemical digestion of carbohydrates 3) Pharynx Back of throat area Common passage for -food and air No digestion occurs Digestive System • 4) Esophagus – Passageway for food from mouth to stomach – No digestion – peristalsis: Wave-like motion that pushes food to stomach animation • 5) Cardiac Sphincter – End of esophagus, beginning of stomach – Ring of muscle – Keeps food moving in 1 direction – What is “heart burn”? if food moves back into esophagus from sphincter. Contains acid from stomach Digestive System • 6) Stomach – Muscular sac which digests proteins – Physical digestion in form of churning – Chemical in form of HCl, gastrin + pepsin to break down proteins – Special lining to protect from acid; can lead to ulcer – Chyme- undigested food+enzyme+acid mixture. Digestive System • • 7) Pyloric Sphincter – Ring of muscle which keeps food moving from stomach to sm. intestine 8) Small Intestine – ~20-21 ft. long – 3 sections – Duodenum: 1st 10 inches, carries chyme to jejunum , is were all enzymes from pancreas and gall bladder empty into – Jejunum: 8 feet, carbs, proteins, lipids digestion; were food molecules are absorbed into blood – Ileum: 13 feet, takes undigested material to large intestine – Has villi Villi in Small Intestine -Villi increases surface area of small intestines so more food can be absorbed into the blood faster. Digestive System • 9. Large Intestine/colon – larger in diameter – 3 ft. long - removes excess water for undigested matter – too much water absorbed=constipation – too little water absorbed=diarrhea • 10. Rectum & Anus – holds solid waste until expelled (rectum) – exit (anus) animation Organs part of the digestive system BUT not part of the digestive pathway. 1. Caecum/Appendix • Caecum-pig – “dead-end” – Helps digest plant material • Appendix-humans – No apparent function – animation Rumen: 1st part of a four chambered stomach • Sheep, cows: herbivores • Regurgitate-cud • 2. Liver: – Largest internal organ – Filters ammonia out of blood and converts it into urea – Makes bile • 3. Gall bladder – Stores bile: for the digestion of lipids • 4. Pancreas• makes and delivers the following to small intestines: – pancreatic amylase- carbs – lipase-lipids – trypsin- proteins – sends these enzymes to small intestine – Sodium bicarbinate • -is a base, neutralizes HCl so it does not damage small intestines. To Digest… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ingest Chew 10 to 30 times Swallow 4 to 8 seconds Churn 2 to 4 hours Absorb 3 to 5 hours Compact 10 hours to several days! Eliminate The end…………. Digestive Problems • Acid reflux • Ulcer Gall stones Made up of bile salts and cholesterol Appendicitis • Diverticulitis: • Hemorrhoids