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Iron • Foods – Heme iron – Non-heme iron – Meats, seafoods and enriched bakery products • Needs – RDA: 18 mg/day adult women, 8 mg/day adult men • After menopause drops to 8 mg/day – Average North American intake: 12-17 mg/day 1 2 Iron (2) • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion – Ferritin, Transferrin, Lysosomes – Hemosiderin – Bile • Factors Affecting Iron Absorption – Body’s iron needs and stores – Form of iron in foods eaten, and total amount consumed – Dietary composition and gastric contents acidity – Factors that hinder non-heme absorption 3 4 5 Functions of Iron • Part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin • Iron-containing enzymes – Energy metabolism, mitochondrial cytochromes, – Drug metabolism in liver • Enzyme co-factor – Production of immune system components 6 7 Iron Deficiency, Overload, and Toxicity • Def – Most widespread mineral deficiency worldwide – Iron deficiency anemia – At risk: premature infants, children, females of childbearing age, vegetarians • Overload and toxicity – UL: 45 mg/day – Accidental overdose in children http://www.chop.edu/service/poison-controlcenter/tox-talk/iron-poisoning.html – Hemochromatosis 8 9 10 Zinc • Foods – Protein-rich meat and seafood’ also nuts, beans, and whole grains • Effect of phytic acid in whole grains • Needs – RDA: 11mg/d adult men, 8 mg/d adult women – DV: 15 mg • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion – metallothionein 11 12 13 Zinc (2) • Functions – As many as 300 different enzymes require zinc • DNA and RNA synthesis, heme synthesis, bone formation, taste acuity, immune function, reproduction, growth, etc. • Deficiency – Overt deficiency common when poverty limits food choices – North America: mild or marginal deficiencies • Toxicity – UL: 40 mg/day 14 15 Copper • Foods – Liver, shellfish, nuts, seeds, lentils, soy and dark chocolate • Functions – Component of enzymes – Superoxide dismutase enzymes • Toxicity – Wilson’s disease – UL:10 mg/day 16 17 Manganese • Foods - Whole-grain cereals, nuts, legumes, leafy greens, and tea • Functions – Shares functional similarities with Zinc and Copper – Carbohydrate metabolism, gluconeogenesis, collagen formation, antioxidant system, etc. • Deficiency – rare 18 19 Iodine • Foods – Saltwater seafood, seaweed, iodized salt, and dairy products – Goitrogens decrease bioavailability of iodine and inhibit use by thyroid gland • Needs – RDA and DV: 150 micrograms/d – Average intake 190-300 micrograms • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion 20 21 Iodine (2) • Functions – Component of thryoxine (T4) and triodothyronine (T3) • Deficiency – Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) • Endemic goiter • Endemic cretenism • Toxicity – UL: 100 micrograms/d – Enlarged thyroid gland 22 23 Selenium • Foods – Dependent on soil content – Seafood, meats, cereal, and grains • Needs – RDA: 55 micrograms adults – DV: 70 micrograms • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion 24 25 Selenium (2) • Functions – Antioxidant defense network • Glutathione peroxidase – Thyroid metabolism, immune function, etc. • Deficiency – Not established – Associated with Keshan disease • Toxicity – UL: 400 micrograms/d 26 27 Chromium • Foods – Nutrient databases inadequate – Processed meats, liver, eggs, whole grain products, broccoli, dried beans, nuts, dark chocolate • Needs – AI: 35 micrograms men up to age 50, then 30 micrograms; 25 micrograms women up to age 50, then 20 micrograms – DV: 120 micrograms • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion 28 Chromium (2) • Functions – May enhance insulin function • Deficiency and Toxicity – Not well established – No UL 29 Fluoride • Foods – Fluoridated water, tea, seafood, and seaweed • Needs – AI: 3 mg/d adult women, 4 mg/d adult men • Absorption, Transportation, Storage, and Excretion 30 31 Fluoride (2) • Functions – Deposition of Ca and P in teeth and bones • Promotes bone and dental health • Deficiency – Associated with an increase in dental caries • Toxicity – UL: 0.1 mg/kg body weight/d up to 8 years old, 10 mg/d over 8 years old – Mottling (fluorosis) 32 33 Molybdenum and Ultra Trace Minerals • Molybdenum – – – – Dietary sources: plant-based foods; soil dependent RDA: 45 micrograms/d; DV: 75 micrograms/d Functions: cofactor in enzymatic reactions UL: 2000 micrograms/d • Nickel, Vanadium, Boron, Silicon, and Arsenic 34 Nutrients, Diet, and Cancer • What is cancer? – Benign and malignant tumors – Tumors can metastasize • Development of cancer – Protooncogenes and oncogenes – Carcinogenesis • Step 1: Exposure of the cell to carcinogen • Step 2: Promotion state • Step 3: Cancer progression 35 36 Genetic, Environmental, and Dietary Factors • • • • • • Fruits and vegetables Excessive energy intake and obesity Meat Fried Foods Alcohol Vitamin D and calcium 37 38