Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Trace Minerals and Phytochemicals Presentation By: Jennifer Lindsey Meagan Kahelia Trace Minerals – Iron – Zinc – Copper – Cromium – Selenium – Iodine Phytochemical Iron (Fe) Iron Functions Assistance in the transport of oxygen throughout body to tissues and muscles Component of certain enzymes – Examples: • Cytochromes • Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights free radicals Hemoglobin Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood stream to tissues. Iron is a component of Hemoglobin Iron binds to the oxygen in our blood stream Iron releases the oxygen to the tissues Myoglobin Similar to Hemoglobin but is found in the muscle cells Iron is also a component of Myoglobin Iron binds to the oxygen and transports it into the muscle cells Cytochromes This enzyme assists in energy production within the body Cytochromes are an electron carrier within the metabolic pathways Food Sources for Iron Iron is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation Good sources of Iron in foods are: – Red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, leaf vegetables, tofu, chickpeas, black eyed peas, potatoes with skin Two Types of Iron Found in Foods Heme Iron – This type of Iron is part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin – It is only found in animal based food products Non-heme Iron – This type of Iron is not part of Hemoglobin and Myoglobin – It is found in animal based foods and plant based foods Heme and Non-Heme Iron Cont. Heme Iron is more absorbable than non-heme Iron Heme Iron and Vitamin C increase the absorbability factor of non-heme foods Recommended Dietary Intake Men 19 years and older 8 mg/day Women 19 to 50 18 mg/day Women 51 years and older 8 mg/day Iron consumption needs are high from ages 19 to 50 in women because of menstruation Pregnant Women 27 mg/day The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and older is 45 mg/day for male and females Iron Overdose Symptoms: – Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, confusion and rapid heartbeat If Iron toxicity is not reduced quickly significant damage can occur to the heart, central nervous system, liver, and kidneys. Death could even be a result. Hereditary Disease Hemochromatosis – The body absorbs excessive amounts of dietary iron – Accumulation of iron results in cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer, heart attack, diabetes and arthritis – Men have a higher risk of the disease Treatment – Reducing dietary intake of Iron, avoiding high intake of Vitamin C and withdrawing blood Iron Deficiency Anemia – The blood does not contain enough Hemoglobin to transport oxygen to tissues in the body – Symptoms: • Fatigue, pale skin, lowered immune system, impaired cognitive and nerve function and impaired memory Anemia Treatment Iron supplementation Increase intake of Vitamin C Consume goats milk instead of cows milk Certain foods inhibit absorption of Iron so these foods should be either avoided or consumed infrequently – Examples: vegetable proteins, calcium, tannins, legumes, rice, oregano, red wine Facts 2/3rds of all Iron in body is in Hemoglobin Iron deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world 20% of all women of child rearing age are anemic 2% of men have anemia 75% of teenagers have anemia Zinc (Zn) Zinc Functions Assists in the production of Hemoglobin Part of the antioxidant enzyme system that fights against free radicals Assists in generating energy from Carbohydrates, Fats and Proteins Assists in activating Vitamin A in the retina of the eye Zinc Functions Continued… Also plays a role in facilitating the folding of proteins into biologically active molecules used in gene regulation Critical for cell replication and normal growth Important for proper development and functioning of the immune system Helps maintain sense of taste and smell Needed for DNA synthesis Food Sources for Iron Zinc is not produced by the body so it must be consumed via food or supplementation Good Sources of Zinc in food are: – Red meat, some seafood, beans, nuts, whole grains, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds, whole grains Recommended Dietary Intake Men 19 and older 11 mg/day Women 19 and older 8 mg/day The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for 19 years and older is 40 mg/day for male and females Zinc Toxicity Does not occur from eating high amounts of dietary zinc Toxicity occurs from consuming supplements and fortified foods Symptoms: – Intestinal pain, cramps, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, headache, lowered immune system, reduction in HDL and interferes with copper and iron absorption Zinc Deficiency Uncommon in the U.S. Common in countries that consume mostly grain based foods Symptoms: – Growth retardation, diarrhea, delayed sexual maturation and impotence, eye and skin lesions, hair loss, impaired appetite, increase in infections and illnesses and mental lethargy Zinc Deficiency Treatment Zinc Supplementation Consuming foods high in Zinc Zinc Facts 30 to 50% of alcoholics are deficient in Zinc You can purchase Zinc lozenges when sick which may reduce the length of a cold Copper (Cu) A trace mineral that functions as a cofactor in many physiological reactions Copper functions in the body: Cofactor in the metabolic pathways Increases production of collagen and elasticity. Part of enzyme system that combats free radicals. Regulates neurotransmitters important to brain function Dietary needs Present in our bodies from conception, copper helps form a developing infant’s heart, skeletal and nervous systems, as well as arteries and blood vessels Easy to obtain in a varied of diet Deficiency is rare Low dietary intakes of copper absorb more copper than people with high dietary intakes Food Sources for Copper Beef liver Oysters Lobster Shitake mushrooms Trail Mix Pork and Beans Cashew nuts Garbanzo Beans Lentils RDA RDA for men and women – 900 ug/day UL – 10 mg/day Copper Deficiency Occurs most commonly in infants Someone with a disorder that impairs absorption of nutrients High intake of zinc or iron, can decrease absorption of copper Symptoms Diagnosis Fatigue Bleeding under the skin Damage to blood vessels Enlarged heart Based on symptoms Blood tests that detect low levels -Copper -Ceruplasmin Treatment of Deficiency Copper works with potassium and calcium when patients do exhibit low copper levels, then calcium and potassium are frequently on the low side as well. Taking a 3mg copper pill for one or two months, or less, is all that is needed for an adult to normalize any copper deficiency. Copper Excess Any copper not bound to a protein is toxic - Acidic food or beverages contaminated Consuming small amounts can cause -nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea Consuming large amounts can cause -damage to the kidneys, inhibit urine production, cause anemia, and even death Wilson’s disease An inherited condition Causes the body to retain copper Copper is not excreted by the liver into the bile If untreated, can lead to brain and liver damage Studies find that those with mental disorders have heightened levels of copper in their system Chromium (Cr) A mineral humans require in trace amounts Chromium Functions in the Body: Enhance the action of insulin Metabolism of glucose Thyroid function Hormonal balance Brain function Dietary needs Chromium occurs naturally in the environment and is an essential nutrient Widely distributed in food, – most food supplies only 2mcg per serving To enhance the mineral’s absorption – Vitamin C – Vitamin B Once absorbed, it is stored in – Liver – soft tissue – spleen Food Sources for Chromium Broccoli Turkey Grape Juice English Muffin Potatoes Garlic Red Wine Basil Dairy products are poor sources RDA Dietary intakes cannot be reliably determined because the content of the mineral in foods is substantially affected by agricultural and manufacturing processes Women – 25 mcg per day Men – 35 mcg per day 50 to 200 micrograms has been proposed by the National Academy of Sciences. Chromium Deficiency Causes Diets high in simple sugars 2. Infection 3. Acute exercise 4. Pregnancy and lactation 5. Stressful states (physical trauma) 1. Results Inhibits the uptake of glucose by the cells 2. Elevated blood lipid levels 1. To avoid deficiency To Avoid Deficiency and Maintain a Good Intake of Chromium: Avoid sugar and sugar products, soda pops, candy, and presweetened breakfast cereals. Avoid refined, white flour products, such as white breads and crackers. Use whole wheat products, wheat germ, and/or brewer's yeast. Eat whole foods. Take a general supplement that contains chromium, approximately 100-200mcg daily. What are supplemental sources of chromium used for? Type 2 diabetes and glucose intolerance Lipid metabolism Body weight and composition Fun Facts Chromium & Copper: These two elements are the most important nutrients next to calcium and magnesium for their anti-inflammatory properties. They are considered essential to human health. Chronically elevated copper levels in most patients may result from one-sided diets that lack co-factors, or from the fact that many copper-rich foods are somewhat addictive, such as cocoa/chocolate, coffee or tea Tissue concentrations of chromium vary considerably in people from different parts of the world, people living in Asia for example being up to five times higher compared to those in people living in the United States. These higher chromium levels may be one reason for a lower incidence of diabetes or bone loss in these regions or countries. - Selenium Function in Our Bodies Trace element nutrient Functions as a cofactor for antioxidant enzymes called glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductase Helps regulate thyroid function Essential to good health Helps protect body from poisonous effects of heavy metals Assists in making antioxidant enzymes, which prevent cell damage Shown to improve production of sperm Cont’d Functions Works with Vitamin E as an antioxidant to help prevent cancer and heart disease Helps maintain elasticity in tissue Protects against cataracts and macular degeneration Fights viral infections Helps in treatment and prevention of dandruff Is it Synthesized? No, our bodies do not produce selenium We must obtain selenium in our diets Food Sources Plant foods are the richest dietary source The content in foods depends on the content of the soil where the plants or animals were raised Animals that eat grains or plants grown in selenium rich soil will have more selenium in their muscles Can be found in meats, seafood, nuts, cereals, fish, eggs, bread, broccoli, dairy, fruit Cont’d Food Sources Daily Requirement Age Males and Females 1-3y 4-8y 9-13y 14-18y 19+y 20 micrograms/day 30 micrograms/day 40 micrograms/day 55 micrograms/day 55 micrograms/day Deficiency The following have been associated with selenium deficiency: Keshan Disease, resulting in an enlarged heart and poor heart functions Kashin-Beck Disease, resulting in osteoarthropathy Myxedematous Endemic Cretinism, which could posentially result in mental retardation Fun Facts Selenium was discovered by Jons Jacob Berzelius in 1817 in Stockholm, Sweeden Selenium is used in TV, cameras, and photographic equipment From the Greek work “selene” which means “moon” Iodine Functions in Our Bodies Protein allows body to stabilize sugars Needed for metabolism of cells Maintain thyroid function Production of thyroid hormones The hormones regulate body temperature, maintain resting metabolic rate and support production and growth Is it Synthesized? No, our bodies do not produce iodine Even though we only require small amounts, we must obtain it in our diet Food Sources Saltwater foods have higher amounts of iodine, such as: kelp, saltwater fish, and shrimp Iodized salt, white and whole-wheat breads made with iodized salt, milk, and dairy products Daily Requirement Age 1-3y 4-6y 7-10y 11+y Males and Females 70 micrograms/day 90 micrograms/day 120 micrograms/day 150 micrograms/day RDA Cont’d A ¼ Tsp. of iodized table salt provides 95 micrograms of iodine A 6-ounce portion of ocean fish contains 650 micrograms of iodine Most People are able to meet the RDA by eating seafood, iodized salt, and plants grown in iodine-rich soil Deficiency Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Slows down production of thyroid hormones, which leads to hypothyroidism. Some symptoms are: -Decrease in body temperature -Increase in weight -Fatigue -If pregnant, child is at risk of being born with cretinism Cretinism, which is preventable mental retardation, will have stunted growth, deafness, and muteness Fun Facts Originates from the Greek word “Iodes” meaning “violet” There isn’t enough salt in the world to cover the continents 500 feet deep! In the 1920’s iodine was added to American table salt to help prevent hypothyroidism 75% of the iodine we consume is in processed foods Bibliography Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006 “Iron Deficiency Anemia”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-Deficiency_Anemia “Iron”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron “Iron Deficiency”; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; August 26, 2006; http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/nutrition_for_everyon e/iron_deficiency/ “Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Iron”; Office of Dietary Supplements; July 26, 2005; http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/iron.asp Bibliography Continued “Zinc”, Wikpedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc “Zinc”; Office of Dietary Supplements; December 9, 2002; http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/cc/zinc.html Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/402/main.html Thompson, Janice and Manore, Melinda; “Nutirition: An Applied Approach”; San Francisco, CA; Pearson Education Inc.; 2006 http://www.copper.org/health/homepage.html http://www.diagnose-me.com/cond/C595519.html