Download Weight Management - Cerritos College

Weight
Management
Chapter 9
Healthy Body Weight
 National




Institutes of Health
More than 60% of American adults are overweight
More than 30% of American adults are obese
Obesity has doubled since 1960
At current rates, all American adults will be overweight
by 2030
Overweight and Obesity
 Overweight
= characterized by a body
weight that falls above the range
associated with minimum mortality;
weighing 10% or more over
recommended weight or having a BMI
over 25
 Obesity = severely overweight, with an
excess of body fat; weighing 20% or more
over recommended weight or having a
BMI over 30
Health Implications of
Overweight and Obesity
 More
than 30% rise in Type 2 diabetes
 100,000+ premature deaths annually
 Obesity is one of the six major controllable risk
factors for heart disease
 Weight loss of 5-10% in obese individuals can
reduce the risk of certain diseases
Factors Contributing to Excess
Body Fat: Genetic Factors
 Genetic
factors influence body size and shape,
body fat distribution, and metabolic rate
 Genetic contribution to obesity is estimated at 25–
40%
 Hereditary influences must be balanced against
contribution of environmental factors
Factors Contributing to Excess
Body Fat: Physiological Factors
 Metabolism
= sum of all vital processes by which
food energy and nutrients are made available to
and used by the body
 Resting
metabolic rate (RMR) = energy required to
maintain vital body functions; the largest
component of metabolism
Factors That Affect Metabolic Rate
 RMR



Men
People with more muscle mass
People who exercise
 RMR



is higher in
is lower in
Women
People who are sedentary
People who have lost weight
Factors Contributing to Excess
Body Fat: Physiological Factors
 Hormones
play a role in the accumulation of
body fat; the hormone leptin is involved in the
regulation of appetite and metabolic rate
 Weight cycling, or yo-yo dieting
Factors Contributing to Excess
Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors
 Eating—compared
Americans now



to the past,
Consume more calories
Consume more refined and simple
carbohydrates
Eat out more often
 People
sizes
underestimate portion
Factors Contributing to Excess
Body Fat: Lifestyle Factors
 Physical
activity levels have declined; on average,
Americans spend
 15
minutes per day exercising
 170 minutes per day watching television and movies
 Psychosocial
factors include eating as a means of
coping and cultural and family influences
Activity Level and Risk of
Obesity
Data from Hu, F. B., et al. 2003. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in
women. Journal of the American Medical Association 289(14): 1785–1791.
Diet and Eating Habits
 Total
calories—choose an appropriate
energy intake for your activity level
 Portion sizes—limit portions to those
recommended by My Pyramid to help keep
energy intake moderate; measure portions
at home and read food labels
 Energy (calorie) density—choose foods with
a low energy density, meaning those that
are relatively heavy but have few calories
Diet and Eating Habits
 Fat
calories—keep total fat intake moderate,
and limit intake of saturated and trans fats
 Carbohydrate—emphasize whole grains,
vegetables, fruits, and other high-fiber foods;
limit consumption of foods high in refined
carbohydrates, added sugars, and easily
digestible starch
 Protein—meet recommended intake of 10–
35% of total daily calories
 Eating habits—eat meals and snacks on a
regular schedule
Physical Activity and Exercise
 Physical
activity—increase daily physical activity to
at least 30 minutes per day; to lose weight or
maintain weight loss, 60–90 or more minutes per
day is recommended
 Exercise


Endurance exercise burns calories
Strength training builds muscle mass, which can
increase metabolic rate
Approaches to Overcoming a
Weight Problem
 Doing
it yourself
 Diet books
 Dietary supplements and diet aids
 Weight-loss programs
 Prescription drugs
 Surgery
 Psychological help
Surgery
Adjustable gastric banding
bypass
Source: National Institutes of Health
http://www.videojug.com/interview/adjustable-gastricbanding-3
Roux-en-Y gastric
http://www.videojug.com/interview/roux-en-y-gastric-bypass-2
Body Image
 Body
image = the mental
representation a person holds
about her or his body
 It consists of perceptions,
images, thoughts, attitudes,
and emotions
 Media images are linked to
negative body image
 Different cultures have
different ideas of the “ideal”
body type
Different Body Builds
ENDOMORPHY
MESOMORPHY
ECTOMORPHY
BMI of Miss America Pageant Winners
The data shows a steady decline in winners’ BMI from a range of 20–25 in the
1920s to below 18.5, considered undernutrition by WHO and represented by
the horizontal line.
SOURCE: Rubinstein, S., and B. Caballero. 2000. Is Miss America an undernourished role model? Journal of American Medical Association
283(21): 1569. Used with permission from the American Medical Association.
 Poor
body image
can
cause psychological
Severe
Body
Image
Problems
distress
 Body
dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
 Related
to obsessive-compulsive disorder
 Can lead to depression, social phobia, and suicide
 Treated with medication and psychotherapy
 Muscle
dysmorphia = a disorder
characterized by distorted body image;
affected people inaccurately perceive
themselves as small, with underdeveloped
muscles
21
Body Image
 Knowing
when the limits
to healthy change
have been reached.
 Knowing the unrealistic
cultural ideal.
 Acceptance and
change

Knowing what is a healthy
lifestyle change
http://www.videojug.com/interview/understandin
g-body-dysmorphic-disorder-2
Acceptance and Change
 Most
Americans are unhappy with some
aspect of their appearance
 Recognize the limits of change
 Small amounts of weight loss can significantly
reduce health risks
Body Image
 Dissatisfaction
with weight and
shape is common
in people with
eating disorders
 Eating
Eating Disorders
disorder = a serious disturbance in eating
pattern or behavior, characterized by a negative
body image and concerns about body weight or
body fat
 Major types



Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder
Eating Disorders




Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat
enough food…
Affects 3 million people – 95% are female

Typically develops between the ages of 12 and 18




Fear gaining weight.
Distorted self-image.
Compulsive behaviors and rituals.
Excessive exercise





Stop menstruation
Intolerant of cold
Low blood pressure and heart rate
Dry skin
Hands and feet may swell and take on a
blue tinge
Depression and suicide
Characteristics
Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa


Medical complications

Disorders of the cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal
systems
http://www.videojug.com/interview/dangers-of-anorexia-2
25
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Eating Disorders




Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating
followed by purging.
Begins in adolescence or young adulthood

Increasingly younger (11-12 years) and older (40-60 years) ages.



Rapidly consumes food, then purges.
Done in secret.
After a binge - feels ashamed, disgusted and physically and
emotional drained.
Characteristics:
Health Risks:
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Erodes tooth enamel
Deficient calorie intake
Liver and kidney damage
Cardiac arrhythmia
Chronic hoarseness
Esophageal tearing
Rupture of the stomach
Menstrual problems
Increased depression
http://www.videojug.com/interview/physical-dangers-of-bulimia-2
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Eating Disorders

Binge-Eating - Similar to
Bulimia except no Purging
behavior.
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
Eating patterns - very rapid,
eating until uncomfortably full.
Often eat as a way of coping.
Likely to be obese.
High rates of depression and
anxiety
Treating Eating Disorders
 Must
address both problematic eating
behaviors and the misuse of food to
manage stress and emotions
 Averting a medical crisis
 Dealing with psychological aspects
 Stabilizing eating habits
 Changing behavior patterns and thoughts
 Possibly involving medication and/or
hospitalization
Energy
Balance
Wellness Worksheet
Assignment
Wellness Worksheets can be accessed online
at www.mhhe.com/fahey8e
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
From the website above, click on “student edition” at the
bottom left column.
Click on “wellness worksheets”
Click on “126 Wellness Worksheets are available online” in
the middle of the page.
Click on “76: Body Image” and complete the worksheet.
Print out the completed worksheet and submit on
Wednesday, October 26th