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Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis – the formation of glucose from substances, such as lactate, pyruvate and amino acids. Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis – the formation of glucose from substances, such as lactate, pyruvate and amino acids. Insulin binds with receptors in the cell membranes of cells, such as liver cells and muscle cells. Insulin binds with receptors in the cell membranes of cells, such as liver cells and muscle cells. This increase in blood glucose concentration is detected by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. This increase in blood glucose concentration is detected by the beta cells in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. After eating, the concentration of glucose in the blood increases. After eating, the concentration of glucose in the blood increases. This increases the membrane permeability to glucose so that more glucose enters cells (e.g. muscle cells, but not liver cells) This increases the membrane permeability to glucose so that more glucose enters cells (e.g. muscle cells, but not liver cells) Insulin activates enzymes that catalyse the conversion of glucose to glycogen. Insulin activates enzymes that catalyse the conversion of glucose to glycogen. The result is a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood. The result is a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood. Starvation and exercise lower blood glucose concentrations. Starvation and exercise lower blood glucose concentrations. Glucagon binds with receptors in the cell membranes of the hepatocytes in the liver. Glucagon binds with receptors in the cell membranes of the hepatocytes in the liver. The alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas detect a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood. The alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas detect a decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood. This catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. This catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. The alpha cells secrete glucagon into the blood. The alpha cells secrete glucagon into the blood. The beta cells secrete insulin into the blood. The beta cells secrete insulin into the blood. Cyclic AMP activates the enzyme which catalyses the conversion of glycogen to glucose. Cyclic AMP activates the enzyme which catalyses the conversion of glycogen to glucose. This leads to an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. This leads to an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is activated. This converts ATP to cyclic AMP. The enzyme adenylate cyclase is activated. This converts ATP to cyclic AMP. Insulin stimulates glycogenesis Insulin stimulates glycogenesis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis