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www.truaxbiology.com Name: Period: 13 Bio 5/6 The Respiratory System Study Guide THE RESPIRATORY SYTESM: Body cells require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen to carry out their activities. As cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide, a waste product that must be eliminated from the body. The circulatory and respiratory systems are intimately involved in obtaining and delivering oxygen to body cells and in eliminating carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the pulmonary blood and the external environment (that is, external respiration). The respiratory system also plays an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Questions and activities in this chapter consider both the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system structures. !1 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com 1. Bio 5/6 This figure is a sagittal view of the upper respiratory structures. Correctly identify all structures provided with leader lines on the figure. 2. This is a diagram of the larynx and associated structures. On the figure, identify each of the structures listed below. Then answer the questions following the diagram. Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Tracheal cartilages Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage a. What are three functions of the larynx? b. What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis? c. What type of cartilage forms the other eight laryngeal cartilages? d. Explain this difference. e. What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage? !2 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com 3. This figure shows a cross section through the trachea. Label the layers indicated by the leader lines. Bio 5/6 a. What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea? b. Of what importance is the fact that the cartilage rings are incomplete posteriorly? c. What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts, and in what activities might this action be very helpful? !3 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 4. This figure illustrates the gross anatomy of the lower respiratory system. Intact structures are shown on the left; respiratory passages are shown on the right. Complete the figure by labeling the areas/structures that are provided with leader lines on the figure. !4 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 5. This figure illustrates the microscopic structure of the respiratory unit of lung tissue. The external anatomy is shown in Figure A. A cross section through an alveolus is shown on Figure B, and a blowup of the respiratory membrane is shown in Figure C. Add the symbols for oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the sites where they would be in higher concentration and arrows correctly showing their direction of movement through the respiratory membrane. ! !5 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 6. This figure is a diagram showing respiratory volumes. Complete the figure by making the following additions. a. Bracket the volume representing the vital capacity; label it VC. b. Label the inspiratory reserve volume IRV. c. Label the expiratory reserve volume ERV. d. Label the residual volume RV. 7. How does hemoglobin “know” when to release the oxygen it’s carrying? 8. What molecule, CO2 or O2, is most responsible for regulating the rate of breathing? !6 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 9. Match the terms in Column B with the pathologic conditions described in Column A. Column A a. ________________________ Lack or cessation of breathing b. ________________________ Normal breathing in terms of rate and depth c. ________________________ Labored breathing, or "air hunger" d. ________________________ Chronic oxygen deficiency Column B Apnea Asthma Chronic bronchitis Dyspnea Emphysema Eupnea Hypoxia Lung cancer Tuberculosis e. ________________________ Condition characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and an increase in size of the alveolar chambers f. ________________________ Condition characterized by increased mucus production, which clogs respiratory passageways and promotes coughing g. ________________________ Respiratory passageways narrowed by bronchiolar spasms h. ________________________ Together called COPD i. ________________________ Incidence strongly associated with cigarette smoking; outlook is poor j. ________________________ Infection spread by airborne bacteria; a recent alarming increase in drug users and AIDS victims 10. This diagram shows how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. Label the diagram. !7 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 11. Mrs. Jones gave birth prematurely to her first child. At birth, the baby weighed 2 lb. 8 oz. Within a few hours, the baby had developed severe dyspnea and was becoming cyanotic. Therapy with a positive pressure ventilator was prescribed. Answer the following questions related to the situation just described. Place your responses in the space provided. a. The infant's condition is referred to as? b. It occurs because of a relative lack of? c. The function of the deficient substance is to? d. Explain what the positive pressure apparatus accomplishes. Notes: !8 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 Functions 1. major organs of 2. 7. 3. 8. 4. 13 5. The Respiratory System 9. 10. 6. Events of Respiration 11. 12. mitochondria 26. 13. 14. takes place at two phases exchange of 2 gasses 25. 15. 19. 16. 20. 21. called most carried in plasma as most is transported by hemoglobin increase body temperature, exercise, talking, coughing, volition, emotional factors 22. respiratory control for example 23. neural control 17. 18. 24. !9 Miss School, Miss Out! for example O2 and CO2 Levels www.truaxbiology.com Chapter 13 - The Respiratory System Bio 5/6 Chapter Objectives Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 1. Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs (or identify them on a diagram or model) and describe the function of each. 2. Describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system. 3. Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings. Respiratory Physiology 4. Define: cellular respiration external respiration internal respiration pulmonary ventilation expiration inspiration. 5. Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs (breathing). !10 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 6. Define the following respiratory volumes: tidal volume vital capacity expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume residual air 7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. 8. Name the brain areas involved in control of respiration. 9. Explain the relative importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in modifying the rate and depth of breathing. 10. Define: apnea dyspnea hyperventilation hypoventilation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). !11 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 Bell Ringer #1 - Date:_________________ Bell Ringer #2 - Date:_________________ Bell Ringer #3 - Date:_________________ Bell Ringer #4 - Date:_________________ Bell Ringer #5 - Date:_________________ Bell Ringer #6 - Date:_________________ !12 Miss School, Miss Out! www.truaxbiology.com Bio 5/6 Notes: !13 Miss School, Miss Out!