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Bio 5/6
The Respiratory System
Study Guide
THE RESPIRATORY SYTESM:
Body cells require an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen to carry out their activities. As cells use oxygen, they release carbon dioxide, a waste product that must be eliminated from the body. The circulatory and
respiratory systems are intimately involved in obtaining and delivering oxygen to body cells and in eliminating
carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange between the pulmonary
blood and the external environment (that is, external respiration). The respiratory system also plays an important role in maintaining the acid-base balance of the blood. Questions and activities in this chapter consider both
the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system structures.
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1.
Bio 5/6
This figure is a sagittal view of the upper respiratory structures. Correctly identify all structures provided with
leader lines on the figure.
2. This is a diagram of the larynx and associated
structures. On the figure, identify each of the
structures listed below. Then answer the questions following the diagram.
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
Epiglottis
Cricoid cartilage
a. What are three functions of the larynx?
b. What type of cartilage forms the epiglottis?
c. What type of cartilage forms the other eight laryngeal cartilages?
d. Explain this difference.
e. What is the common name for the thyroid cartilage?
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3. This figure shows a cross section through the trachea. Label the layers indicated by the leader lines.
Bio 5/6
a. What important role is played by the cartilage rings that reinforce the trachea?
b. Of what importance is the fact that the cartilage rings are incomplete posteriorly?
c. What occurs when the trachealis muscle contracts, and in what activities might this action be very helpful?
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4. This figure illustrates the gross anatomy of the lower respiratory system. Intact structures are shown on the left;
respiratory passages are shown on the right. Complete the figure by labeling the areas/structures that are provided with leader lines on the figure.
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5. This figure illustrates the microscopic structure of the respiratory unit of lung tissue. The external anatomy is
shown in Figure A.
A cross section through an alveolus is shown on Figure B, and a blowup of the respiratory membrane is shown
in Figure C. Add the symbols for oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2) in the sites where they would
be in higher concentration and arrows correctly showing their direction of movement through the respiratory
membrane.
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6. This figure is a diagram showing respiratory volumes. Complete the figure by making the following additions.
a. Bracket the volume representing the vital capacity; label it VC.
b.
Label the inspiratory reserve volume IRV.
c.
Label the expiratory reserve volume ERV.
d. Label the residual volume RV.
7. How does hemoglobin “know” when to release the oxygen it’s carrying?
8. What molecule, CO2 or O2, is most responsible for regulating the rate of breathing?
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9. Match the terms in Column B with the pathologic conditions described in Column A.
Column A
a. ________________________ Lack or cessation of breathing
b. ________________________ Normal breathing in terms of rate and depth
c. ________________________ Labored breathing, or "air hunger"
d. ________________________ Chronic oxygen deficiency
Column B
Apnea
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Dyspnea
Emphysema
Eupnea
Hypoxia
Lung cancer
Tuberculosis
e. ________________________ Condition characterized by fibrosis of the lungs and
an increase in size of the alveolar chambers
f. ________________________ Condition characterized by increased mucus production, which clogs respiratory passageways and promotes coughing
g. ________________________ Respiratory passageways narrowed by bronchiolar spasms
h. ________________________ Together called COPD
i. ________________________ Incidence strongly associated with cigarette smoking; outlook is poor
j. ________________________ Infection spread by airborne bacteria; a recent alarming increase in drug users
and AIDS victims
10. This diagram shows how oxygen and carbon dioxide is exchanged. Label the diagram.
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DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
11. Mrs. Jones gave birth prematurely to her first child. At birth, the baby weighed 2 lb. 8 oz. Within a few hours,
the baby had developed severe dyspnea and was becoming cyanotic. Therapy with a positive pressure ventilator
was prescribed. Answer the following questions related to the situation just described. Place your responses in
the space provided.
a. The infant's condition is referred to as?
b. It occurs because of a relative lack of?
c. The function of the deficient substance is to?
d. Explain what the positive pressure apparatus accomplishes.
Notes:
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Functions
1.
major organs
of
2.
7.
3.
8.
4.
13
5.
The Respiratory
System
9.
10.
6.
Events of
Respiration
11.
12.
mitochondria
26.
13.
14.
takes place at
two phases
exchange of
2 gasses
25.
15.
19.
16.
20.
21.
called
most carried in plasma
as
most is
transported by
hemoglobin
increase body temperature,
exercise, talking, coughing,
volition, emotional factors
22.
respiratory
control
for example
23.
neural
control
17.
18.
24.
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for
example
O2 and CO2
Levels
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Chapter 13 - The Respiratory System
Bio 5/6
Chapter Objectives
Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
1. Name the organs forming the respiratory passageway from the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs (or
identify them on a diagram or model) and describe the function of each.
2. Describe several protective mechanisms of the respiratory system.
3. Describe the structure and function of the lungs and the pleural coverings.
Respiratory Physiology
4. Define:
cellular respiration
external respiration
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
expiration
inspiration.
5. Explain how the respiratory muscles cause volume changes that lead to air flow into and out of the lungs
(breathing).
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6. Define the following respiratory volumes:
tidal volume
vital capacity
expiratory reserve volume
inspiratory reserve volume
residual air
7. Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.
8. Name the brain areas involved in control of respiration.
9. Explain the relative importance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in modifying the rate and depth of breathing.
10. Define:
apnea
dyspnea
hyperventilation
hypoventilation
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Bell Ringer #1 - Date:_________________
Bell Ringer #2 - Date:_________________
Bell Ringer #3 - Date:_________________
Bell Ringer #4 - Date:_________________
Bell Ringer #5 - Date:_________________
Bell Ringer #6 - Date:_________________
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Notes:
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