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Questions over escape conditioning versus avoidance conditioning can be found in Barron’s! I will cover before the test! ____ 1. Danny's skill at hitting a baseball gradually improves as his attempts produce more frequent and longer-distance hits. This is an example of a. shaping b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. stimulus discrimination ____ 2. Tessa really likes to mow the lawn during the summer months, but her parents will only let her mow the lawn if all the dishes are washed. Consequently, every Saturday Tessa has the table cleared and all of the dishes washed as soon as everyone has finished breakfast. In this case, a. mowing the lawn is a negative reinforcer for doing the dishes b. doing the dishes is a positive reinforcer for mowing the lawn c. mowing the lawn is a positive reinforcer for doing the dishes d. doing the dishes is a negative reinforcer for mowing the lawn ____ 3. A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. The positive emotional response that this woman experienced developed through a. instrumental conditioning b. classical conditioning c. observational learning d. operant conditioning ____ 4. Miguel used to enjoy occasionally drinking a glass of red wine, but when he drank too much red wine at a friend's party a few months ago he woke up with a terrible hangover. Since then Miguel refuses to drink any red wine. In this case, Miguel's hangover acted as a. negative reinforcement for drinking red wine b. a conditioned response to wine drinking c. punishment for drinking red wine d. a secondary reinforcer for attending parties ____ 5. A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, the combined smell of cigarettes and Beemans gum would be a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned stimulus ____ 6. On Tuesday morning, Chloe prepared her typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with her breakfast, she tried eating guava for the first time. Later she became extremely ill. If her illness causes her to develop a conditioned response to one of her breakfast items, the conditioned response will most likely be to a. guava, because it was a novel stimulus b. milk, because the milk may have been sour c. grapefruit, because that was the one thing missing from her typical breakfast d. coffee, because coffee is a stimulant ____ 7. When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother always used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. instinctive drift d. spontaneous recovery ____ 8. Your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouse's cooking. The withdrawal of attention can be categorized as a. punishment b. observational learning c. negative reinforcement d. modeling ____ 9. Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes the more baskets he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being reinforced on a. a fixed-ratio schedule b. a fixed-interval schedule c. a variable-ratio schedule d. a variable-interval schedule ____ 10. Belinda was very close to her father. She claims that he always made her feel safe. Belinda's father always wore "Stetson" cologne. Today every time she smells the scent of "Stetson" cologne she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort. The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. delayed reinforcement d. classical conditioning ____ 11. Food is an example of ____; praise is an example of ____. a. a primary reinforcer; a primary reinforcer b. a primary reinforcer; a secondary reinforcer c. a secondary reinforcer; a secondary reinforcer d. a secondary reinforcer; a primary reinforcer ____ 12. A major automaker has developed a series of television commercials that show its cars in the great outdoors, in peaceful settings, away from the hustle and bustle of big cities. They hope that seeing the cars in these settings will condition good feelings about their cars. This particular auto maker is attempting to use a. classical conditioning in its advertising campaign b. operant conditioning in its advertising campaign c. observational learning in its advertising campaign d. noncontingent reinforcement in its advertising campaign ____ 13. When reinforcement for a behavior is removed, the consequence will be a. an immediate weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior b. a brief increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior c. the emergence of superstitious behavior designed to reinstitute the reinforcement d. unpredictable unless more information about the nature of the behavior is provided ____ 14. When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of a. instinctive drift b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. negative avoidance ____ 15. You have conditioned a fear response to a 1000-Hz tone. Now the tone is paired with a green light. Later, the green light alone elicits fear. This is an example of a. stimulus generalization b. instinctive drift c. a discriminated conditioned response d. higher-order conditioning ____ 16. Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars in the future, the candy bar has acted as a. a discriminative stimulus b. a reinforcer c. a conditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 17. Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say "please" and "thank you." They will be most successful in altering Dillon's behavior if they use a. classical conditioning b. higher-order conditioning c. non-contingent reinforcement d. operant conditioning ____ 18. Anthony classically conditioned his cat to purr whenever the phone rang. One day, the phone rang for nearly two hours straight when Anthony wasn't home, and the cat's conditioned purring response underwent extinction. Today, the response has spontaneously recovered, but if the conditioned purring response were to undergo extinction again Anthony should expect that it will a. take less time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction b. take more time to extinguish than it took for the original extinction c. take the same amount of time to extinguish as it took for the original extinction d. be impossible to extinguish the response now that spontaneous recovery has occurred ____ 19. Kylee used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day, and her parents would put the pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylee how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven't been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylee has stopped bringing drawings home with her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of a. punishment b. avoidance c. resistance d. extinction ____ 20. Raul's parents make certain they thank Raul every time he clears the dishes from the table without being asked. Sadie's parents try to remember to thank Sadie every time she clears the table without being asked, but about half the time they forget. Based on principles of operant conditioning, you should predict that a. both children's table clearing will be equally resistant to extinction b. Sadie's table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than Raul's c. Raul's table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than Sadie's d. Raul will develop stimulus generalization, and Sadie will develop stimulus discrimination ____ 21. Ratio schedules always relate to the a. elapsed time between reinforcements b. number of responses given c. number of reinforcements given d. length of the training period ____ 22. When advertisers pair their products with attractive people or enjoyable surroundings, in the hope that the pairings will cause their products to evoke good feelings, they are using principles derived from a. classical conditioning b. instrumental conditioning c. observational learning d. operant conditioning ____ 23. Simon cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, cringing in the waiting room is a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned stimulus ____ 24. Josiah checks his electronic mail several times throughout the day. Some days there is mail each time he checks; sometimes several days go by with no new messages arriving. In this example, Josiah's behavior of checking his electronic mail is being reinforced on a. a variable-interval schedule b. a fixed-ratio schedule c. a fixed-interval schedule d. a variable-ratio schedule ____ 25. After owning a car with a manual transmission, Don buys a car with an automatic transmission. When first driving his new car, he keeps reaching for the nonexistent clutch and gearshift. This is an example of a. acquisition b. stimulus generalization c. stimulus discrimination d. shaping ____ 26. Eduardo's mother always wore Chantille perfume, and when she would hug him or hold him close he could smell that scent. Today, whenever he catches a whiff of Chantille perfume, it makes him feel calm and relaxed. The learning process that could best account for Eduardo's response to the scent of Chantille perfume is a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. classical conditioning d. delayed reinforcement ____ 27. One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. In this example, the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won the gift certificate is a. the conditioned stimulus b. the unconditioned stimulus c. the unconditioned response d. the conditioned response ____ 28. On Thursday morning, Charles prepared his typical breakfast of corn flakes with milk and a cup of coffee. However, instead of having grapefruit with his breakfast, he tried eating guava for the first time. At lunchtime he ate his typical lunch of tuna salad and potato chips. However, instead of having a Coke to drink with his lunch, he drank a new fruit flavored soft drink for the first time. During the mid afternoon he became extremely ill. If his illness causes him to develop a conditioned response to something which stimulus is likely to be the conditioned stimulus? a. guava, because it was a novel stimulus and was the first novel thing he ingested that day b. tuna, because it is most likely have been sour and it was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness c. milk, because the milk may have been sour and it was ingested first thing in the morning d. the new fruit flavored soft drink, because it was a novel stimulus and was ingested closest in time to the onset of the illness ____ 29. Henry received a bad sunburn on his face when he was skiing last winter. Now, before he starts a day of skiing, he uses a sunscreen on his face to prevent another sunburn. In this case, avoiding a sunburn functions as a. a negative reinforcer for using a sunscreen b. a positive reinforcer for using a sunscreen c. a conditioned stimulus for using a sunscreen d. an unconditioned stimulus for using a sunscreen ____ 30. Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is a. the long, passionate kiss b. the song, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" c. the enjoyment she experienced after the kiss from her boyfriend d. the flushing she experiences when she hears the song on the radio ____ 31. One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is a. the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring b. the ringing of a telephone c. the news that he had just won a $500 gift certificate d. the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate ____ 32. When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler's side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case, a. the dog treats were negative reinforcers for staying close b. the staying close was a positive reinforcer for receiving dog treats c. the staying close was a negative reinforcer for receiving dog treats d. the dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close ____ 33. Lyn is afraid of all spiders because her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of a rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is a. operant conditioning b. observational learning c. delayed reinforcement d. classical conditioning ____ 34. Maxwell runs a lawn care service and he charges his clients based on the square footage of their yard, rather than charging an hourly rate for his services. In this example, Maxwell is working on a. a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement b. a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement c. a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement d. a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement ____ 35. Floyd had been working at Qualton Enterprises for 2 years when his boss asked to see him in her office. He thought she wanted to talk about a promotion so he was quite excited, but instead of giving him a promotion, the boss told Floyd he was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Floyd could feel his heart pounding as he listened to the news. Floyd has a new job now, but every time his new boss asks to talk to him in private, Floyd feels a little faint. In this example, Floyd's new boss asking for a private talk is a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned response c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 36. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? a. giving a child a sweet dessert as a reward for finishing his dinner b. paying a child $1 for each "A" received on her report card c. stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room d. cutting a child's TV time by 30 minutes each time she "talks back" ____ 37. When an individual has a phobia, the irrational fear and anxiety that the person experiences is a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned stimulus d. an unconditioned stimulus ____ 38. Carly used to be afraid of visits to her family doctor because she associated the sight of his waiting room with the pain of having a blood sample drawn. However, Carly's new doctor's lab worker is "painless," and the sight of the waiting room is no longer associated with pain. Consequently, Carly finds her fear of visits to her family doctor has disappeared. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. second-order conditioning d. avoidance ____ 39. Negative reinforcement involves a. the presentation of a pleasant stimulus b. the presentation of an unpleasant stimulus c. the removal of a pleasant stimulus d. the removal of an unpleasant stimulus ____ 40. A woman reported feeling "weak in the knees" whenever she smelled cigarette smoke and Beemans gum because of the association of these smells with her first love. In this example, her "weak knees" would be a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a conditioned response ____ 41. Nolan has learned to drink a cup of coffee whenever he gets a tension headache because drinking coffee makes the pain of the headache go away. This is an example of a. avoidance learning b. escape learning c. positive reinforcement d. classical conditioning ____ 42. Brenda has learned to take an over-the-counter medication 30 minutes before she eats a spicy meal. When she does this she is able to prevent the heartburn and indigestion that she would experience otherwise. This is an example of a. escape conditioning b. positive reinforcement c. classical conditioning d. avoidance conditioning ____ 43. Kaleb developed a fear of snowstorms two winters ago when his car spun off the road and hit a tree during a blizzard. As the winter progressed and he had no further accidents, Kaleb thought his fear of snowstorms had pretty well disappeared. To his surprise, this winter when the first heavy snow started to fall, he found his heart was pounding and he was trembling. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as a. extinction b. second-order conditioning c. stimulus generalization d. spontaneous recovery ____ 44. A student who studies in order to earn high grades is working for ____; a student who studies in order to avoid low grades is working for ____. a. negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement b. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement c. negative reinforcement; negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement; positive reinforcement ____ 45. The a. b. c. d. initial stage of learning a response is called extinction contiguity acquisition conditioning ____ 46. Frederick cringes every time he hears a dentist's drill, even when he is sitting in the waiting room of his dentist's office. In this example, the pain of dental drilling is a. a conditioned response b. an unconditioned stimulus c. an unconditioned response d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 47. Bart used to go to his health club every day after work because he almost always saw Abigail there. For two full weeks Abigail wasn't at the club when Bart went there for his workout, and now Bart has stopped going to his health club. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of a. extinction b. punishment c. avoidance d. resistance ____ 48. Veronica had been working at Zenex Industries for 8 months when her boss asked to see her in his office. She thought he wanted to talk about a promotion so she was quite excited, but instead of giving her a promotion, the boss told Veronica she was being laid off as a result of company downsizing. Veronica could feel her heart pounding as she listened to the news. Veronica was able to get a new job, but every time her new boss asks to talk to her in private, Veronica feels a little faint. In this example, the unconditioned response is a. the bad news from her boss at Zenex Industries b. her new boss asking for a private meeting c. her pounding heart when she heard she was being laid off d. the faintness she feels when her new boss wants to talk to her in private ____ 49. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to a. sing a song b. tie shoe laces c. print letters d. fear the dark ____ 50. Escape learning is a type of learning in which a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior b. an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end c. a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus d. an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring ____ 51. Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" his girlfriend gave him a long passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is a. a conditioned stimulus b. an unconditioned response c. a conditioned response d. an unconditioned stimulus ____ 52. Charity used to really enjoy potato salad, and at a family reunion she ate a large helping. Unfortunately, the potato salad had not been kept cold, and Charity became quite ill after eating it. Now she finds that even the sight of potatoes in the grocery store can make her feel sick to her stomach. In this example, the sick feeling Charity experiences when she sees potatoes in the grocery store is a. an unconditioned response b. a conditioned response c. an unconditioned stimulus d. a conditioned stimulus ____ 53. When resistance to extinction is high, it means that a. responding will continue for a long time after reinforcement is discontinued b. responding will taper off quickly when reinforcement is discontinued c. responding will fail to show spontaneous recovery following a period of extinction d. shaping was done incorrectly when the initial response was acquired ____ 54. A pigeon learns to peck at a disk lighted green to receive reinforcement, but not at a disk lighted red. This means that, for the pigeon, the color of the disk is a a. reinforcer or nonreinforcer b. punisher or nonpunisher c. generalization stimulus d. discriminative stimulus ____ 55. Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. modeling ____ 56. McKenna had an unplanned pregnancy when she was 19 years old. Following her pregnancy, McKenna started taking a birth control pill each day to prevent another pregnancy. In this case, a. preventing a pregnancy acts as a positive reinforcer for taking birth control pills b. taking birth control pills acts as a negative reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy c. taking birth control pills acts as a positive reinforcer for preventing a pregnancy d. preventing a pregnancy acts as a negative reinforcer for taking birth control pills ____ 57. Carson used to really enjoy lime sherbet, and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is a. the lime margaritas that Carson consumed b. the illness that followed the fourth margarita c. the sight of lime sherbet d. the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet ____ 58. Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as a. spontaneous recovery b. second-order conditioning c. extinction d. avoidance Classical Conditioning Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: REF: A p. 227 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-9 DIF: KEY: Correct = 94% Concept/Applied 2. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 3. ANS: REF: B p. 219 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-2 DIF: KEY: Correct = 81% Concept/Applied 4. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 235 5. ANS: REF: C p. 219 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-2 DIF: KEY: Correct = 79% Concept/Applied 6. ANS: KEY: A Critical Thinking PTS: 1 REF: 7. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 8. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 9. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied 10. ANS: KEY: 11. OBJ: 6-13 OBJ: 6-15 p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 1 REF: p. 235 OBJ: 6-15 PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 MSC: REF: p. 219 ** (new or revised) OBJ: 6-2 ANS: REF: B p. 230 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-11 DIF: KEY: Correct = 86% Concept/Applied 12. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 219 OBJ: 6-2 13. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 228 OBJ: 6-9 14. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-4 15. ANS: REF: D p. 223 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-5 DIF: KEY: Correct = 24% Concept/Applied 16. ANS: REF: B p. 225 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-8 DIF: KEY: Correct = 53% Concept/Applied 17. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 224 OBJ: 6-6 18. ANS: KEY: A Critical Thinking PTS: 1 REF: p. 222 OBJ: 6-3 19. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 228 OBJ: 6-9 20. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 21. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 KEY: Factual MSC: ** (new or revised) 22. ANS: REF: A p. 219 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-2 DIF: KEY: Correct = 61% Concept/Applied 23. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 24. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 25. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 229 OBJ: 6-10 26. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 219 OBJ: 6-2 27. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 28. ANS: KEY: D Critical Thinking PTS: 1 MSC: REF: p. 220 ** (new or revised) OBJ: 6-3 29. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 MSC: REF: p. 233 ** (new or revised) OBJ: 6-13 30. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 31. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 32. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 OBJ: 6-13 33. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 218 OBJ: 6-2 34. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 232 OBJ: 6-12 35. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 36. ANS: REF: C p. 233 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-13 DIF: KEY: Correct = 63% Concept/Applied 37. ANS: REF: A p. 216 | p. 218 PTS: 1 DIF: OBJ: Correct = 72% 6-2 KEY: Concept/Applied 38. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3 39. ANS: REF: D p. 233 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-13 DIF: KEY: Correct = 61% Factual 40. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 219 OBJ: 6-2 41. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 42. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 43. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 221-222 OBJ: 6-3 KEY: Concept/Applied 44. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 45. ANS: REF: C p. 220 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-3 DIF: KEY: Correct = 86% Factual 46. ANS: REF: B p. 218 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-2 DIF: KEY: Correct = 23% Concept/Applied 47. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: 48. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 49. ANS: REF: D p. 218 PTS: OBJ: 50. ANS: KEY: B Factual 51. ANS: KEY: 52. OBJ: 6-13 p. 228 OBJ: 6-9 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 1 6-2 DIF: KEY: Correct = 89% Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 234 OBJ: 6-14 D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 53. ANS: KEY: A Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 228 OBJ: 6-9 54. ANS: REF: D p. 229 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-10 DIF: KEY: Correct = 80% Concept/Applied 55. ANS: REF: C p. 235-236 PTS: OBJ: 1 6-15 DIF: KEY: Correct = 38% Concept/Applied 56. ANS: KEY: D Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 233 OBJ: 6-13 57. ANS: KEY: B Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 217 OBJ: 6-1 58. ANS: KEY: C Concept/Applied PTS: 1 REF: p. 220 OBJ: 6-3