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Two Societies at War, 18611865 Class 14 Choosing Sides • Civil War called the “War between the States” by southerners and the “War of Rebellion by Northerners • On December 20, 1860 the South Carolina convention voted unanimously to secede from the union “fire-eaters” elsewhere quickly followed • FEB 1861 secessionists met in Montgomery, AL and proclaimed a new nation—The Confederate States of America—in addition they made Jefferson Davis its president Choosing Sides • Secessionist fever was less intense in the slave states of the Upper South (ex. VA) and their leaders proposed federal guarantees for slavery in the states where it existed • In Dec. 1860 President Buchanan declared secession illegal but determined the federal government had the authority to restore the union by force Choosing Sides • Congress responded with a compromise— the Crittenden Plan—which called for a constitutional amendment that would permanently protect slavery in from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the CA border (Slavery would be barred north of the line and protected in the future south of the line) Choosing Sides • Lincoln upheld the first part, but was unwilling to let slavery spread wet to the CA line Choosing Sides • Lincoln declared secession illegal and that acts against the union constituted insurrection: he would enforce federal laws as continue to possess federal property in seceded states • Jefferson Davis forced the surrender of Fort Sumter April 14, 1861: Lincoln called state militiamen to put down the insurrection Choosing Sides • VA, AK, TN, NC joined the confederacy • MD, KY, DE and Missouri stayed with the union (but are considered somewhat neutral border states) Setting War Aims • J. Davis’s aim was the defense of western territories. He needed a stalemate that would force a negotiated peace • Lincoln needed an aggressive military strategy that required unconditional surrender of the south Anaconda plan-Winfield Scott North Struggles Early • On July 12 General McDowell’s troops were routed by Confederate General PGT Beauregard's troops at Manassas (Bull Run) • Lincoln replaced McDowell with McClellan and enlisted 1 million additional men • McClellan created the Army of the Potomac North Struggles Early • In 1862, McClellan launched a thrust towards Richmond but he moved too slowly and allowed the confederates to mount a counterattack • Washington was threatened when a confederate army under “Stonewall Jackson” marched north up the Shenandoah Valley: Jackson won a series of smaller engagements tying up union forces North Struggles Early • General Lee launched an attack on outside Richmond and suffered heavy casualties, but again McClellan failed to take advantage • Jackson & Lee routed the Union army at the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) in Aug 1862 North Struggles Early • The battle of Antietam Creek on Sep 17, 1862 was the bloodiest day in U.S. military history, Jackson’s troops arrived just in time to save Lee’s troop from total defeat North Struggles Early • After McClellan’s slow movement following Antietam, Lincoln replaced him with Ambrose Burnside and later with Joe Hooker • The Union dominated the Ohio River Valley and in 1862, General U.S. Grant took Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River Forts Henry and Donelson Return to Fort Donelson Photo Album Return to Map Index Northern struggles • In April, a Confederate Army caught Grant near surprise at Shiloh; Grant forced a Confederate withdrawal but suffered a great number of casualties • Union forces commanded by David Farragut captured New Orleans, the south’s financial center and largest city, and giving it a naval base for future operations Mobilizing Armies • After the defeat at Shiloh in 1862, the Confederate Army imposed the first legally binding draft in American History • Two loopholes-exempted 1 man for every 20 slaves on a plantation & allowed drafted men to hire substitutes • Some southerners refused to serve and the confederate government lacked the power to compel them Mobilizing Armies • To prevent sabotage and concerted resistance to the war effort Lincoln suspended Habeus Corpus & imprisoned about 15,000 Confederate sympathizers without trial. He also extended martial law to civilians who resisted the draft or discouraged enlistment • 1863-draft riots in NYC over conscription Mobilizing Armies • The Union Army Medical Bureau and the U.S. Sanitary commission provided medical supplies for the North to soldiers and tried to prevent deaths from disease, which killed more men than fighting • The Confederate health system was poorly organized and soldiers died from diseases at a higher rate Mobilizing Armies • Women took a leading role in the Sanitary Commission and other wartime agencies: Dorothea Dix was the first woman to receive a major federal appointment • Women staffed growing federal agencies and served as nurses, and filled positions traditionally held by men • A number of women took on military duties as (spies, scouts, and disguised as men soldiers) Mobilizing Resources • The Union entered the war with advantages; its economy, its arms factories • Confederates had substantial industrial capacity and by 1863 were able to provide every soldier with a modern rifle-musket Tredegar Iron Works-Richmond resources • Confederates relied on cotton to provide revenue to purchase clothes, boots blankets and weapons from abroad • The British never recognized the Confederacy as a government, but did acknowledge them as a belligerent power with the right to borrow money and purchase weapons resources • To sustain their allegiance to Northerners, the Republicans raised tariffs, created a national banking system, devised plan of internal improvements (railroads) and developed the Homestead Act of 1862 • The Confederates (less coherent) built & operated shipyards, armories, foundries and textile mills resources • The Union created a modern nation-state that raised revenue for the war by imposing broad based taxes, borrowing from the middle classes and creating a national monetary system • The confederates lacked central government. It financed about 60 % of its expenses with unbacked paper money, which created inflation, property rights were violated in order to sustain the war 1863 • July 1862 Second Confiscation Act-all slaves captured by the Union Army are declared “forever free” • Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation Jan 1, 1863: Union troops become agents of liberation 1863: The Turning Point • *Emancipation • Lincoln and other Republicans redfined the war aim as a war to save the union and against slavery • 1861- First Confiscation Act-authorized seizure of all property—including slaves—used to support the rebellion • April 1862-D.C.slavery ended in D.C.and Wilmot Proviso enacted • 1863-Vicksburg and Gettysburg • Vicksbur, Miss surrendered to the Union Army on July 4, 1863 followed by Port Hudson 5 days later, giving the Union control of the Miss. R. • Grant had cut off LA,TX & AK from the rest of the Confederacy • The battle at Gettysburg, PA was a great union victory and the most lethal battle of the civil war 1863 • After Union victories at Gettysvurg and Vicksburg, Republicans reaped political gains, while Confederate elections went against those who supported Davis • The losses ended Confederate prospects of foreign recognition • Further British manufacturers were no longer dependnent on the South for cotton Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • After initially refusing, and facing dwindling conscription among whites Lincoln accepted blacks as soldiers and enlisted them (Most famous 54TH Massachusetts seen in Glory) • Lincoln put Grant in charge of the war effort and told him to advance on all major confederate forces simultaneously (seeking to win the war before the Election of 1864) • Accepting large losses of life Grant narrowly lost to Lee at Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House. At Cold Harbor Grant eroded Lee’s forces but suffered enormous casualties Grant Union Victorious, 1864-1865 • Stalemated war in Petersburg threatened Lincoln with political defeat • Total War took to civilians as well. U.S. Gen Phil Sheridan’s burned thousands of farm acres in the Shenandoah Valley that grew crops for Confederate troops Election of 1864 & Sherman • 1864 Republican Party platform calls for the abolition of slavery, temporarily renames itself the Union Party and as a compromise gesture nominated Andrew Johnson, a pro-union man from TN as VP • The Democrats nominated Gen McClellan who promised an immediate end to the war Sherman • Sep 1864, General William T. Sherman forces the surrender of Atlanta—this helps lead Lincoln to victory in Nov • Emancipation accelerates with these states freeing their slaves: MD, Missouri, TN, AK & LA • Jan 1865 13th Amendment-abolishing slavery passes Sherman • He declines to follow the Confederates in TN and decides to “cut a swath through the sea” that would devastate GA and score a psychological victory • After burning Atlanta, Sherman destroyed railroads, property and supplies in his march to the sea—many confederates deserted & fled home to protect their families. He repeated this in SC in 1865 Confederacy failing • Due to class resentment from poor whites, the Confederacy had such a manpower shortage that they were going to arm the slaves in exchange for their freedom; the war ended before this could transpire • The symbolic end of the war came April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse when Lee surrendered to Grant • Deaths-Confederates 260,000, Union 360,00 hundreds of thousands maimed Lincoln • Before he had time to savor the long awaited victory. He was shot at Ford’s Theater and died the next morning