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C. Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 1. 2 coxal bones (a.k.a hip bones): -bony pelvis is made up of hip bones, sacrum, & coccyx -pelvic bones are large & heavy & attach to the axial skeleton via sacrum/coccyx -The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis -Protects reproductive organs, urinary bladder, & part of large intestine Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Bones of Pelvic Girdle 2. Fusion of 3 bones to form each coxae a. ilium: large, flaring bone that forms most of hip bone; it is the most superior of hip bones *sacroiliac joint—where ilium connects with sacrum posteriorly *iliac crest—upper edge of ilium (along superior margin); “hands on hips” indicates placing hands on iliac crest Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Bones of Pelvic Girdle b. ischium: forms the most inferior part of the coxal bone; known as the “sit-down bone” c. pubis (pubic bone): the most anterior part of a coxal bone *obturator foramen—an opening that allows blood vessels & nerves to pass into anterior part of thigh *pubic symphysis—pubic bones of each hip bone fuse anteriorly to form this cartilaginous joint *acetabulum—receives the head of the thigh bone; location where ilium, ischium, & pubis fuse at deep socket Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Figure 5.23b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings C. Bones of Pelvic Girdle 3. False & True pelvis: the true pelvis is surrounded by bone, lies inferior to flaring parts of ilia and pelvic brim *Woman’s true pelvis must be large enough to allow infant’s head (largest part of infant) to pass during childbirth Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Male Female C. Bones of Pelvic Girdle 4. 6 differences between male & female pelvis 1. female inlet is LARGER & more circular 2. female pelvis as whole is shallower, and bones are lighter and thinner 3. female ilia flare more laterally 4. female sacrum is shorter & less curved 5. female ischial spines are shorter & farther apart; thus outlet is LARGER 6. female pubic arch is more rounded b/c angle of pubic arch is greater Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of the Lower Limbs Lower limbs carry our total body weight when we are erect Lower limb bones therefore are much thicker & stronger than upper limb bones Lower limbs have 3 segments—thigh, leg, foot Figure 5.24a–b Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limbs 1. Thigh – has only one bone a. femur: the thigh bone is the heaviest, strongest bone in body -on proximal end, has a ball-like head, a neck, and greater/lesser trochanters -head of femur fits into acetabulum of hip bone to form hip joint Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limbs (a. femur continued) *lateral/medial condyles—projections that articulate with tibia bone below; located on distal end of femur Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limbs 2. Leg: 2 bones form the skeleton of the leg a. tibia: shinbone -larger & more medial *lateral/medial condyles—located at proximal end of tibia; articulate with distal end of femur to form knee joint *medial malleolus—located at distal end of tibia, forms the inner bulge of ankle *anterior border—sharp ridge on anterior surface of tibia, unprotected by muscles so is felt easily beneath the skin Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limb b. fibula: lies alongside tibia and is think and sticklike -has NO part in forming knee joint *lateral malleolus—at distal end of fibula & forms outer part of ankle Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limb 3. Foot—composed of tarsals, metatarsals, & phalanges. -2 important functions: supports body weight & serves as lever that allows us to propel our bodies forward when we walk/run a. tarsals: 7 ankle bones (see fig. 5.25) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limb (a. tarsal bones continued) **body weight is mostly carried by the 2 largest tarsals—calcaneous & talus i. calcaneous—heelbone ii. talus—lies between tibia & calcaneous b. 5 metatarsals: form the sole of foot c. phalanges: 14 bones that form the toes * toes—each toe has 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) except the “great toe” * “great toe”—has only 2 phalanges (proximal & distal) Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings D. Bones of Lower Limbs d. 3 arches of foot: Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches Two longitudinal One transverse Ligaments & tendons help to hold bones firmly in arched position Figure 5.26 Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings