Download Zoology / Lemmons / Guided Notes: Scientific Method, Basics

Zoology / Lemmons / Guided Notes: Scientific Method, Basics, Evolution, Adaptation & Classification
= organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
= study of life; Estimated Number of eukaryotic species on earth = ~ 8.7 million (Animal species 7.7
million) (Mora et. al. PLoS Biology 2011) (they estimated ~10,000 prokaryotes)
= study of animal life; Identified number of animal species = ~1.7 million (Zhang, 2013, ZooTaxa)
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(Most inclusive; there are three groups)
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
(least inclusive; (only 1 per defined)
Some Fields of Study in Zoology
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= analysis of how organisms interact with their environment and one another
Entomology = insects
= amphibians and reptiles
Ornithology = birds
= fishes
Mammalogy = mammals
(Botany = study of plants)
Hierarchy of Life’s Organization
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Atomic level (lowest level)
Molecules
Organelles
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Tissues
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Organ Systems
Individual
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Population = localized group of one species
. = localized group of more than 1 species (all biotic elements)
Ecosystem = also includes non-living elements such as rocks and water (= abiotic elements)
. = earth as a whole
Plant Life (P) compared with Animal Life (A)
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P = photosynthesis which converts inorganic compounds into organic compounds; A = no photosynthesis
P = have
; A = no
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P = grow through their environments; A = move through their environments
P = utilize CO2 (= carbon dioxide) in photosynthesis and produce O2(= oxygen); A = utilize ____
in respiration and produce
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Properties of Life
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Living things are made up of units called
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Living things
; sexually and asexually
Living things are based on a universal genetic code =
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Living things grow and develop through characteristic life cycles
Living things obtain and use materials and energy; have
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Living things respond to environmental stimuli; includes interactions with other organisms
Living things maintain a stable internal environment =
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Taken as a group, living things change over time; evolutionary
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 Answer these on a separate sheet of notebook paper (don’t forget Name, Hour, Date); number each answer
based on the question; you do NOT have to re-write the question.
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Darwin’s voyage on the ship H.M.S. Beagle led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about ….. (p. 369; Key Concept )
Darwin’s hypothesis about how life changes over time is now called the ….. (p.369)
On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants……… (p. 372; Key Concept)
What important information about the Galapagos Island tortoises did Darwin learn? (p. 371)
Illustrate/Draw how the tortoises differ between Isabela and Hood Galapagos Islands; circle the one with adaptations that
would allow it to reach higher vegetation (p. 371 Figure)
How did the birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos? (p. 372)
Based on what Darwin learned about certain birds on the Galapagos Islands (question 7), hypothesize what the differences
can tell you about the eating habits of these birds. (p. 372)
List two facts (overall) from separate pages of 15-1 that impresses you; these should be individually unique!
What is an adaptation? (p. 380)
What is the difference between Artificial Selection and Natural Selection? (p.379 and 381)
Over time, what is the result of natural selection? (p.381 Key Concept)
Identify the four types of evidence that Darwin used to support his concept of evolution. (p.382 Key Concept)
How are living things organized for study? (p.447 Key Concept)
Linnaeus developed the concept of binomial nomenclature; what is it? (p.448 Key)
Do Ursus arctos (grizzly bear) and Ursus maritimus (polar bear) belong to the same species? Yes or No To the same
genus? Yes or No (p.448 & Figure on p.450)
List two facts (overall) from separate pages of 18-1 that impresses you; these should be individually unique!
Zoologists no longer just utilize physical similarities when classifying organisms. They now try to group organisms based on
what? (p.452 Key Concept)
What are the six kingdoms of life as they are now identified? (p.458 Key Concept)
What are the three domains of life? (p.458 key concept)
For 20-30, write the proper Domain and Kingdom (Table p.459; for digital textbook use p.458); Note: Autotrophs make
their own food; Heterotrophs must obtain theirs; Eukaryotes have a nucleus (= Domain Eukarya); Prokaryotes do NOT have
a nucleus (= Domains Archaea and Archaebacteria)
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Multicellular or Unicellular (= one-cell) heterotrophs whose cell walls contain chitin:
Strictly prokaryotes (= bacteria) whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan:
Strictly multicellular, eukaryotic autotrophs whose cell walls contain cellulose:
Strictly prokaryotes (= bacteria) whose cells walls lack peptidoglycan; found in harsh environments:
Strictly multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls or chloroplasts:
Unicellular, colonial, or Multicellular eukaryotes that show a variety of characteristics:
Sunflower:
Mushroom:
The bacteria E. coli:
Bacteria found in volcanic hot springs (= methanogens) and salt/brine pools (= halophiles).
30. Deer or Human: