Download Unit 9 Notes: Medieval Europe Part II High and

Unit 9 Notes: Medieval Europe Part II
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High and Late Middle Ages
The Crusades
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Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy
Land (Jerusalem and Palestine) from the Muslims.
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In 1093, Byzantine Emperor Alexius requested the aid of Western Christians to fight against the
Turks.
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The Turks were threatening to take Constantinople.
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At this time, Jerusalem and the rest of Palestine had been conquered by the Islamic Civilization.
Pope Urban II
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Pope Urban issued a call for a holy pilgrimage/war in a speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
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Urban wanted to take the Holy Land back from the Muslims and unite Christendom (the Christian
World) under his control.
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Pope Urban’s speech initiated the Crusades.
First Crusade
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During the First Crusade, knights, and peasants from many regions of Western Europe travelled
to Constantinople and then to Jerusalem.
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The Crusaders launched an assault on the city of Jerusalem, and captured it in 1099.
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Many of the city's Muslim, Jewish and Christian inhabitants were massacred.
Crusader States
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After conquering the Holy Land, they established the four crusader states to fortify and govern
the region.
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The crusader states included the kingdoms of Jerusalem, Tripoli, Antioch, and Edessa.
More Crusades
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90 years after the crusaders took Jerusalem, Saladin united the Muslims and reconquered
Damascus and Jerusalem.
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As a result, more crusades were launched.
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In the Third Crusade or King’s Crusade, Richard the Lionhearted of England fought the forces of
Saladin.
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Richard conquered the important city of Acre, but failed to retake Jerusalem.
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In a truce forged by Richard and Saladin, Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control but
unarmed Christian pilgrims could freely visit the city’s holy places.
Sack of Constantinople
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In the Fourth Crusade, Venetians built ships for the Crusaders to attack Jerusalem by way of
Egypt.
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The Crusaders ended up sacking the city of Constantinople and destroying much of the Byzantine
capital.
Effects of Crusades
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When Urban II called for the Crusades he had hoped to restore unity between the Catholic and
Orthodox Churches. He wanted to be the leader of all Christendom.
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The Crusades created more division rather than unity.
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The power of the Pope and the nobility was weakened by the Crusades while kings’ power
increased.
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The Crusades left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Middle East.
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The sack of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine Empire.
The Crusades and Trade
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The Crusades introduced Europeans to many desirable products and ideas.
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The mass mobilization of so many people in Western Europe, stimulated trade throughout the
Mediterranean area and the Middle East .
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Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires.
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Trade led to the development of new economic institutions in Europe such as banking,
corporations and insurance.
What were key events and effects of the Crusades?
How did the Crusades stimulate trade between Europe and the Muslim Empire?
Changes in Medieval Society
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Between 1000 and 1300, agriculture, trade and finance made significant advances.
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Use of horses and the three field system led to an increased food supply.
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People who had the same occupation formed guilds to improve their conditions.
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There was an expansion of trade and business.
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Trade led to the growth of towns and cities.
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A new merchant class developed.
European Learning
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Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages.
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Church scholars were among the very few who could read and write.
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They preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West.
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The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations.
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The Crusades brought Western Europeans back into contact with ancient Greek texts from
Muslim and Byzantine libraries.
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Crusaders acquired superior Muslim technology in ships, navigation and weapons.
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Church scholars translated Greek and Arabic texts brought back form the Crusades into Latin.
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Their work made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe.
Universities
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These new texts laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe.
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People first met in cities of France, Italy and England to study theology, law, philosophy, and
mathematics.
New Learning
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Scholars like Thomas Aquinas blended Greek logic with Christian teaching.
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Books written in the vernacular (common languages) are still read today:
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Dante’s The Divine Comedy
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Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
How did European scholars begin to interpret and value ancient learning?
Development of European Nation-States
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European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval
period.
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In order to unify people under their control strong leaders used conquest, religion, and
geography to their advantage.
England
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England had been ruled by Anglo Saxon kings and was invaded many times.
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When Edward the Confessor died without an heir, three people claimed the throne: Harold
Godwinson of Wessex, Harold Hardrada of Norway, and William, Duke of Normandy.
Battle of Hastings
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Both Harold Hardrada and William of Normandy invaded England in 1066.
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Harold Godwinson defeated Hardrada.
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Godwinson was defeated by William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) at the Battle of
Hastings.
William of Normandy
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William the Conquer became the first Norman king of England.
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The Normans were Vikings who had settled in France.
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William centralized the government of England and granted fiefs to 200 Norman lords.
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He was king of England, and a vassal to the French king.
Henry II
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Strengthened England’s royal courts by collecting taxes, settling lawsuits and punishing crimes
using a jury.
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English Common Law had its beginning during the reign of Henry II.
King John and the Magna Carta
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John I the Softsword was the son of Henry II and the brother of Richard the Lionhearted.
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He was a weak leader and lost English territory in France.
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English barons were upset because of John’s taxes and failed military campaigns in France.
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They forced John to sign the Magna Carta in 1216.
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The Magna Carta (Great Charter) was the first document to limit the power of a monarchy.
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The Magna Carta guaranteed basic rights.
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Rule of law and due process
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No taxation without representation
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Jury trial
English Parliament
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The Magna Carta provided for evolution of Parliament.
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Parliament was another limitation on the king’s power in England.
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In 1295 Edward I called together the Model Parliament made up of knights, landowning citizens,
bishops and lords.
Development of France
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Real power in France was held by dukes.
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Carolingian kings were weak after the breakup of Charlemagne’s empire.
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Louis the Sluggard was the last Carolingian king.
Capetian Dynasty
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Hugh Capet established the Capetian dynasty of French kings.
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Capet was a duke who ruled only a small area which included Paris.
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Weak leader but benefited from being on northern trade routes.
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Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their
control over most of France.
The Hundred Years War
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The Hundred Years War was fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453.
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They fought over a dynastic disagreement.
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When the last Capetian king of France died without a successor, England’s King Edward III
claimed the right to the French throne.
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The war was fought entirely on French soil.
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The Hundred Years War brought a change in European warfare by ending the dominance of
knights on horseback.
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Victory was passed between the two sides, but the French finally drove the English out of France.
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The Hundred Years’ War helped to unify England and France as nation-states.
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100 years of fighting make it necessary for English and French kings to keep a standing army,
raise taxes and exercise power.
Joan of Arc
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Joan of Arc was a French peasant girl who said she heard voices telling her to liberate France.
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She led an army and forced an English retreat at Orleans.
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She was burned at the stake by the English.
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Joan of Arc inspired and unified the French.
Spain and the Reconquista
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile unified most of the Iberian Peninsula.
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They expelled the last of the Moors (Spanish Muslims) from Granada in 1492.
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The Spanish had been fighting the Moors and persecuting Jews for many years.
Spanish Inquisition
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Ferdinand and Isabella made the Catholic Church an ally in the unification of Spain.
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Inquisitions were church tribunals to suppress heresy.
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Muslims and Jews were forced to convert to Christianity or leave Spain.
Spanish Empire
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The power of the Spanish nation-state was expanded through imperial conquest in Europe and
the Western Hemisphere.
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Spanish language, culture and Roman Catholic Christianity spread into the Americas.
Charles V
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Charles V was ruler of the Spanish Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, and the Netherlands.
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Under Charles V, Spain’s empire spanned both hemispheres and was the first to be described as
“the empire on which the sun never sets.
Russia
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Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded
the Russian nation.
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Power in Russia was centralized in the hands of the tsar.
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The Orthodox Church influenced the unification of Russia.
How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power?
The Black Death
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In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (Bubonic Plague) decimated the population of much
of Asia and then the population of much of Europe.
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Rising trade facilitated the spread of disease.
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Rats and their fleas are believed to be the means for transmission of the plague bacteria.
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Bubonic Plague was characterized by the large black buboes that appeared around the neck or
lymph nodes.
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Victims experienced a range of symptoms including fever, headaches vomiting, and eventual
death.
Impact of the Black Death
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Europe experienced a sharp decline in population.
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About 1/3 of the population died of the Black Death.
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Cities and towns were especially vulnerable.
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Population decline led to a scarcity of labor across Europe.
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Towns were freed from feudal obligations to nobles.
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Trade was disrupted.
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People believed the Black Death was a punishment from God and the world was ending.
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Leaders of the Church seemed powerless to bring relief from the epidemic.
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The Black Death led to a decline in Church influence.
How did the Black Death (Bubonic plague) alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and
then in Europe?
Mongol and Ottoman Invasions
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Mongol armies invaded Russia, China, and Muslim states in Southwest Asia.
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They destroyed cities and countryside, and created a vast empire.
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The Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire.
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Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire.
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Constantinople became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
What were the effects of the Mongol invasions?
What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe?