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CHAPTER 15, SECTION 15.1
“HISTORY OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT”
THIS GUY . . . WE ALL KNOW HIM:
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
TIME LINE OF HISTORIANS:
1. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (French) 1744-1829
*Inheritance of acquired characteristics
2. Thomas Malthus (UK) 1766-1834
*An Essay on the Principle of Population, how human
populations will grow faster than food sources
3. George Cuvier (French) 1769-1832
*Geology & studies of fossils – “castastrophism”
4. Charles Lyell (UK) 1797-1875
*Geology, studies of fossils & living organisms on
trip around the world – “uniformitarianism”
TIME LINE . . . . CONTINUED:
5. Charles Darwin (UK) 1809-1882
*Geology, studies of fossils & living
organisms on trip around the world
“descent with modification” and book:
On the Origin of Species by Means of
Natural Selection
6. Alfred Russel Wallace (UK) 1823 to 1913
*Biogeography, biology, zoology,
anthropology, natural selection co-discoverer
*Was colleague and science-friend to Darwin
DARWIN’S IDEAS IN 4
IMPORTANT PARTS:
1.  Overproduction – more offspring will likely be produced
than there are resources to support them to reproductive
adulthood
2.  Genetic variation – members of a population will have
genetic traits and variations that may/may not be
favorable
3.  Struggle to survive – members of a population with
beneficial genetic variations will be most likely to survive
hardship – now called ADAPTATION
4.  Differential reproduction – only population members with
the best adaptations, will survive and likely reproduce;
their offspring will likely have the same favorable genetic
adaptations
THICK FUR IS BAD EXAMPLE!
If you move to Antarctica, will YOU grow
thicker hair?
Can you grow thicker hair?
How is the thickness of your hair
determined?
Can you change that?
So . . . . what’s the deal?
It’s the same with ALL living organisms!
ADAPTATION ACCLIMATIZATION
*Genetic – genes, sequences
of nucleic acids on DNA
*Behavioral – changing
habits if possible
*Inheritable
*Having the ABILITY and
INTELLIGENCE to do so –
that is likely inherited, but
could also be learned
*Do you have the genetic
adaptation to wear coats in
winter?
*Do you have the genetic
adaptation to grow your own
coat in winter?
*Do you have the genetic
adaptation of intelligence to
know you should wear a coat
in winter?
*Do you inherit the behavior
of wearing coats in winter?
*Do you learn the behavior
of wearing coats in winter?
*Is wearing coats in winter a
inherited as a gene?
OK, SO NOW THINK ABOUT IT:
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
THIS GUY . . . WE DON’T KNOW HIM:
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
RED FOX, NATIVE OF MOST OF
THE US AND CANADA
RED FOX, NATIVE OF MOST OF
THE US AND CANADA
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
ARCTIC FOX – WINTER & SUMMER,
NATIVE OF EXTREME NORTH AMERICA
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
RED FOX & DESERT FOX (NATIVE OF
SW US AND NORTH-CENTRAL MEXICO)
DIFFERENT SPECIES
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATION?
BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATION?
“ACCLIMATIZATION”?
15.2
EVIDENCE
OF
EVOLUTION
PP302-7
REVIEW FROM CH. 17 CLASSIFICATION:
FORMS OF EVIDENCE USED BY MODERN
PHYLOGENISTS
v FOSSILS
*AGE – SUPERPOSITION-OLDEST ON THE
BOTTOM
*1669 NICOLAUS STENO (DANISH)
*RELATIVE AGE – COMPARED TO THE
APPROXIMATE AGES OF THE OTHER
FOSSILS IN THE AREA, LAYERS = STRATA
*ABSOLUTE AGE – MORE ACCURATE
USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
v FOSSILS CONTINUED:
*DIFFERENT ORGANISMS LIVED AT
DIFFERENT TIMES
*TODAY’S ORGANISMS ARE DIFFERENT
FROM THOSE THAT LIVED IN THE PAST
*FOSSILS NEAR ONE ANOTHER ARE MORE
LIKE ONE ANOTHER
*THE LOCATION OF FOSSILS PROVIDES
EVIDENCE OF WHERE THE ORGANISMS
LIVED
*TRANSITIONAL SPECIES PROVIDE LINKS
REVIEW FROM CH. 17 CLASSIFICATION:
FORMS OF EVIDENCE USED BY MODERN
PHYLOGENETICISTS
v BIOGEOGRAPHY
*THE STUDY OF WHERE LIVING ORGANISMS
CURRENTLY LIVE – AND THEIR CONNECTIONS TO
ORGANISMS LIVING NEAR THEM
*AUSTRALIAN ANIMALS HAVE BEEN EVOLVING
MILLIONS OF YEARS ISOLATED FROM ANIMALS OF
THE REST OF THE WORLD – YET THEY HAVE
SIMILARITIES TO CATS, DOGS, RATS, MICE, MOLES,
OSTRICHES, PARROTS, ETC.
REVIEW FROM CH. 17 CLASSIFCATION:
FORMS OF EVIDENCE USED BY MODERN
PHYLOGENETICISTS
ANATOMY – HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
EMBRYOLOGY – SIMILARITIES IN EMBRYOS
MOLECULES – DNA, RNA PROTEINS, ETC.
GENETICS - IN THE MID 1900’S HELPED PUT
TOGETHER ALL THE EVIDENCE WHEN DNA
WAS CONFIRMED AS THE HEREDITARY
MOLECULE
- THERE’S NO BETTER PROOF OF
RELATIONSHIPS AND EVOLUTION THAN DNA
REMEMBER
THE
DIFFERENCE!
ANALOGOUS
STRUCTURES
VS.
HOMOLOGOUS
STRUCTURES!
SO, HOW DO WE USE ALL THE
EVIDENCE FROM THE PAST AND
COMBINE IT WITH EVIDENCE
AVAILABLE THROUGH MODERN
TECHNOLOGY???
IT’S CALLED “MODERN SYNTHESIS:”
COMBINING EVIDENCE FROM NATURAL SELECTION AND
DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION WITH NEW FORMS OF
EVIDENCE DARWIN DIDN’T HAVE
HOWEVER, WE CAN STILL CLASSIFY WITH PHYLOGENETIC
TREES – BASED ON MODERN EVIDENCES, LIKE
SIMILARITIES IN PROTEINS, DNA, EMBRYOLOGIC
DEVELOPMENT, ETC.
IT’S A VERY NATURAL TRANSITION IN SCIENTIFIC
THOUGHT
15.3
EVOLUTION
IN ACTION
PP308-10
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION:
CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
*DIFFERENT SPECIES
*SAME SPECIES
*DEVELOP SIMILARITIES
*DEVELOP DIFFERENCES
*BECAUSE THEY INHABIT
SIMILAR ENVIRONMENTS
AND HAVE SIMILAR
LIFESTYLES
*BECAUSE THERE IS
COMPETITION FOR
RESOURCES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
*YET THEY REMAIN
SEPARATE SPECIES
*THEY DEVELOP INTO
DIFFERENT SPECIES
*TO REDUCE COMPETITION
AND USE DIFFERENT
RESOURCES
ADAPTIVE RADIATION – A FORM
OF DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
DARWIN’S
FINCHES:
*OFTEN IN
GEOGRAPHIC
ISOLATION
*ONE SPECIES
DIVERGES TO
UTILIZE ALL
AVAILABLE
RESOURCES
AND REDUCE
COMPETITION
ARTIFICIAL SELECTION – WHEN
HUMANS THINK THEY KNOW WHAT IS
BEST! IT’S JUST NOT NATURAL . . . .
COEVOLUTION: WHEN 2 SPECIES
CHANGE TOGETHER TO MAINTAIN
THEIR RELATIONSHIP
pollinators and plants
parasites and hosts
etc. . . . many examples