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LG Action - Country Profile Collection POLAND This document reflects the current status on: • Government levels and departments responsible for / working with local governments (LGs). • Main national climate and energy relevant legislation and strategies that impact / has potential to impact cities and towns (also identifying what is legally not possible or difficult)., • National LG networks / associations’ support for local climate and energy action • Potential opportunities to be explored to improve the roll-out of local climate and energy action • A summary on the LG and their networks / associations’ interest and involvement in the Roadmap and advocacy processes. A. CONTEXT 1. Levels of government and roles: Basic inter-relationship and impact (potential impact for climate and energy action) Level: National 16 regions (voïvodies-województwo) About 380 counties (powiaty) LG Action Country Profile – POLAND Character: Parliamentary republic. The regional council (sejmik województwa) members are elected for a four-year mandate. The regional council manages the decision making process at the regional level. The executive power instead belongs to the executive board (zarzad województwa) which is composed of members and of a president (marszałek) who is elected by the council for four years mandate. The governor (wojewoda) is appointed by the prime minister upon proposal by the minister responsible for public administration. One of is main activity is to supervise the regional council activities. The county council (rada powiatu) members are elected for a four-year mandate. This deliberative assembly appoints members of the executive committee as well as the president of the county. The executive body (zarzad powiatu) is composed of the president and his deputies elected for four years mandate. His role is to implement the council's decisions. The president (starosta) as represents the county. Mandates / responsibilities / roles: 38,192,000 inhabitants (2010) Area: 312,685 km2 The regions´ competences are related to economic development, higher education, environment, employment, social policy and regional roads management. The county competences related to road building and maintenance, secondary education, civil protection, environment and employment. 1 About 2500 municipalities (gminy) • 16 have signed up to the Covenant of Mayors (July 2011)1 The municipal council (rada gminy) members are elected four-year mandate. This is the legislative body but it manages the municipal budget and determines local taxes. The executive board (zarzad gminy) is responsible for the implementation of the decision taken by the municipal council. The mayor is the head of the municipal council and is elected for a four-year mandate. LG revenues come from a small percentage from their own sources (33,2% for the municipalities, 6,3% for the countries and 1,3% for the regions) all the rest is share among specific grants, general purpose grants and 2 shares in central taxes (figures referred to 2002). Municipal competences are related to public transport, social services, housing, environment, culture, heath and pre-primary and primary education. B. NATIONAL / FEDERAL INFORMATION – Climate and Energy Legislation & approach taken by country (name & number of law / regulation together with summary of intent) 2. Main national / federal climate strategies, policy and legislation on climate change 2.1 Climate strategy and policy: - - The “Climate policy for Poland. Strategies for greenhouse gases emission reduction until 2020”, was released by the Ministry of Environment in 2003. It outlines the Polish climate policy in the context of European and international climate actions, and adapts a broad approach to changes, including legal mechanisms, market tools, administrative and infrastructural changes as well as strong educational and awareness-raising effort to reduce Poland’s dependence on fossil fuels, improve energy efficiency and decrease greenhouse gases emissions until 2020. - Apart from this document climate change is tackled in several other strategies and policies, e.g. Energy Strategy and Poland Development Strategy as well as some national laws, like public procurement law, waste management law and others. - The McKinsey cost curve for emissions reductions confirms that Poland has a carbon reduction potential amounting to 236 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) which can be achieved by 2030. This amounts to a 31% reduction compared to 2005 levels, and would require a 47% reduction in a business-as-usual scenario (in line with current trends, no additional measures) which points to further growth in carbon emissions, and signals Poland’s problems with meeting its carbon reduction target under EU effort sharing. - This level of carbon reduction could only be met if after 2020 Poland was able to explore nuclear energy and/or sustainable energy solutions such as deploying significant installed capacity in offshore wind power, and using carbon capture and storage (CCS) for its remaining coal fuelled electricity production. There is, however, an important condition attached: efforts to reach this target have to be coordinated and involve the government, business and the population contributing their just share of input. Energy efficiency in non-ETS sector would have to be improved dramatically, and low-carbon energy sources would have to account for over 50% of final electricity consumption in 2030. The earlier this efforts are undertaken, the lower cost will have to be incurred by all the stakeholders. That is why it makes sense to act now, according to McKinsey(source?). 1 http://www.ccre.org/bases/T_599_28_3524.pdf; http://www.eumayors.eu/covenant_cities/towns_cities_en.htm http://www.ccre.org/docs/nuancier_2009_en.pdf 2 http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/soz/avps/rlg/papers/Poland_Swianiewicz.pdf LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 2 - Under EU effort sharing, Poland is facing a difficult task. Implementing effort sharing decision will require major efforts to contain emissions in several key sectors, such as transport, buildings, services, small industrial installations, agriculture and waste. These sectors account for about 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU and about 48% of total emissions in Poland. Poland and other EU member states with lower than average GP/capita have been asked to meet proportionately less ambitious reduction targets. Poland is not obliged to reduce its emissions relative to 2005 level but is allowed an increase up to 14 %. This was supposed to take into account Poland's expected economic growth up to 2020. However, exponential growth of non-ETS emissions, especially road transport, are a major threat to Poland containing its emissions within that range. 2.2 Energy legislation: - Legislation3: Energy efficiency regulations, Bio-components regulations, Renewable energy sources regulations - Poland is still an economy undergoing transition, grappling with the legacy of constraints that have to be taken into account when planning for changes that require a new approach and a reoriented mindset. • The Polish energy sector is in many respects unique, with electricity production based on coal and lignite, a legacy of old power plants and particularly concerned with its energy security. • The access to renewable resources such as wind, hydro, biomass and solar is constrained by geographical and other conditions, and varies from region to region. For an EU member state the size of Poland, road and rail infrastructure is inadequate and may be in many cases an obstacle e.g. for transporting biomass but also a problem for a modal transport shift reducing carbon emissions in supply chains. These and other similar barriers have also to be taken into account when planning carbon reduction measures. - The “Poland's Energy Policy – Strategy until 2030”, was adopted by the government in 2009. It aims at reducing energy consumption, moving towards “zero-energy development”, increasing energy security and decrease of energy sector’s environmental impact by means of: increased energy efficiency, increased share of renewable, diversification of energy sources, competition between energy providers. However, it doesn’t mention, specifically and explicitly, climate changes nor does it charge LGs with any special duties and purposes. - The main principles of current Polish energy policy are • security of energy supply, ensuring current and future energy and fuel needs of consumers - - 3 • increasing the competitiveness of Polish economy and energy efficiency, and • protection of the environment. These are largely in line with the direction of EU Energy Policy and are to be achieved in line with the principles of sustainable development, based on national energy resources (with key role of lignite and hard coal maintained but decreasing in favour of RES). While security of energy supply has been assured in the short- and medium term, several activities connected with this goal are to be implemented by local authorities and industry, whereas the government maintains oversight and leads by implementing systemic activities, such as: • creating a balanced structure of primary energy sources, based on national resources • increasing efficiency in the use of energy • development of renewable energy sources and of cogeneration of heat and power • enhancing energy cost effectiveness of the economy and thereby improving competitiveness • balancing interests of energy consumers and suppliers. The policy aims foremost at increasing energy efficiency – understood as zero-energy growth and achieving by 2030 energy efficiency of the economy as the whole at the level of the EU-15 in 2005. http://www.mg.gov.pl/node/9998 LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 3 - - - - - Such growth pattern is to be assured through reducing energy consumption, increasing efficiency of energy production and reducing energy losses during transmission and distribution. Current energy policy focuses on the use of national resources of primary energy (hard coal, lignite, gas and biofuels), and especially the promotion of domestic production of gas. The government intends to more effectively exploit Poland’s natural gas resources and develop RES and cogeneration of heat and power. Development of RES is planned at the level matching economic growth, so that it can be achieved without undue growth of GHG emissions. The main policy goals are concerned with achieving targets of 15% green energy in final energy balance by 2020 and 14% green energy in total primary energy production by 2020. A planned departure from co-firing of biomass in large power plants towards local use of biomass and biogas in small generation units is another policy direction. Other planned developments include small hydro, geothermal energy and wind power. RE targets create a climate favourable to the development of the RE sector and to the transfer of new technologies. This government strategy is in line with the disbursement of the structural funds agreed with the EU. However, it may be difficult for Poland to achieve quantitative targets of the government policy without additional pressure ad there have been many years of delay in the deployment of effective systemic mechanisms supporting the development of RES in Poland. Government policies support technology transfer and investment in energy efficiency. Improvements in energy efficiency would constitute a major environmental benefit, saving millions of tonnes of CO2 emissions (every 1% reduction in energy use means a reduction of around 3 million tonnes of CO2). It has been estimated that, for example, in the case of a multifamily residential building, full and technically proper thermo-refurbishment would save between 30% and 55% of energy. However, most energy efficiency efforts in Poland today are voluntary or based on simple economic interest. In the framework of EU Energy and Climate package, until 2020 Poland has to achieve 20% of energy efficiency increase but this target is not mandatory but indicative. The GDP energy intensity of Poland is still 2 times higher than the average indicators in EU countries and 3 times higher than in the most developed EU member states. Low energy efficiency remains a barrier between Poland and EU countries. The only policy measure actively targeting the area is the Thermal Modernization Act and its effectiveness is hampered by the high costs of energy audits. More importantly, its annual spending is tiny compared to the billions available for other areas such as SOx control or the construction of new generation capacity. Undoubtedly, Poland’s energy efficiency will improve as the energy intensive sectors of the economy continue to modernize and low-energy sectors increase their overall share of the economy. Companies will want to improve returns by investing in new technologies reducing final energy use, while expectations of consumers expressing preferences for a “low-energy lifestyle” will lead to further technological innovations lowering energy consumption of manufactured goods. Feed-in tariffs4 Windpower Wind power Member state 'On-shore' 'Off-shore' Solar PV Biomass Hydro Poland n/a n/a n/a 0.038 n/a C. LOCAL GOVERNMENT LEGAL MANDATE(S) / RESPONSIBILITIES Legislation and the role of LGs in the specific context of climate change and energy (name and number of law / regulation together with summary) 3. LGs and climate change: Was there a local government reform process? (Change in their roles? Change in government levels?) 4 http://www.energy.eu LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 4 - Since 1999 there was no local government reform in Poland. Do LGs have a legal mandate or responsibility regarding climate change mitigation? - No, they have no formal obligation and the climate policy does not mention LGs explicitly in any part, while the Local Government Law does not charge LGs with climate change activities. Do LGs have a legal mandate or responsibility to address adaptation/community resilience/disaster prevention? - All these and more can be tackled by municipalities through various act of local planning, emergency preparation etc., but there is no explicit regulation related to these issues only. May they participate in carbon off-setting schemes (voluntary or otherwise)? - ? 4. LGs and energy: Do LGs have any mandate and responsibilities regarding local energy production (e.g. regulations, may they establish an ESCO (Energy Service Company)? - Local authorities don’t have an obligation to include energy efficiency in their planning. They are obliged to prepare plans for providing of heat, gas fuels and electricity, which can include energy efficiency and/or the use of renewable energy sources. However, this is completely at the discretion of municipality. - From 2011 onwards, they will be mandatory and every community will have to achieve minimum 1% per year savings of energy. Do LGs have any mandate and responsibilities regarding buildings and urban planning (e.g. regulations, land sale requirements, Urban Master Plan, etc.)? - Yes, it is an obligation of LG to put in place local and regional development and zoning plans, which are of various scale and can regulate issues of construction, development etc. Practical execution of this duty varies depending on municipality. - There are chances to be explored regarding LGs involvement in energy efficiency, but awareness and motivational obstacles need to be taken into account. The opportunities may increase after 2011, when municipalities will be obliged to achieve specified energy savings per year. - Example: The Capital City of Warsaw is engaged in the project “E3SoHo - ICT services for Energy Efficiency in European Social Housing”, including the following activities: i) provision to residents of feedback on energy use and personalised advice on improving energy efficiency; ii) provision of information and support in decision-making on the most appropriate behaviour concerning energy efficiency, costs, comfort and environmental impact, aiming at a reduction of energy use and an increase in the proportion of renewable energy sources; iii) monitoring and passing on of data on energy use to energy service providers that may initiate energy audits in real time, aimed at remedial action as well as conservation activities. The initiative will propose holistic solutions, providing advice on ways of reducing energy use, appropriate system installation, and monitoring and adaptation of energy use5. Mobility? - None of the mobility issues is obligatory for LG's. Waste? 5 Further Information about this Project can be found in the Energy Final Report of the Committee of the Regions, Sustainable energy policies by EU regions and cities: Good practices and challenges, October 2010. http://portal.cor.europa.eu/europe2020/news/Documents/Survey%20Sustainaible%20energy%20May%202010 /Energy%20Final%20Report.pdf LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 5 - This is a main focus since LGs are responsible for waste management in their area as well as for the building of and maintenance of waste treatment capacity. Mostly LGs are responsible for fulfilling broader goals from the Voivodeship level. The transfer funds from regional level into projects. Water? - Same as above. D. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS – ACTUAL APPROACH What is actually happening at the LG level? (e.g. voluntary engagement as the local impact of climate change is already visible, or awaiting guidance from national level) 5. Motivation for local climate and energy action: Why do LGs respond or plan to respond (is there a specific reason, or various reasons)? - Mostly energy security and sustainable development. - Also, financial incentives play a strong role, especially when actions can provide savings. All kinds of actions that provide immediate savings and/or can be financed from external sources (i.e. source of extra money for the LGs) are popular. - Actions that require long-term, strategic planning and that don’t offer immediate benefits are often neglected or looked over. Most municipalities value “hard” projects above all else and are hardly persuaded to engage in “soft” activities, like education, communication or planning. - LGs have to prepare energy efficiency plans, but this is treated as (unnecessary) paperwork since there are no executive directives behind it. - Climate change issues per se are very rarely tackled by Polish LGs. If at all, they engage in actions on energy efficiency or sustainable transportation – and only in very few municipalities. - There are separate cases of LGs that are aware of climate issues (e.g. municipalities in the Polish Energie Cites network) and take some action in this matter. - Most LGs face severe issues with regard to climate change, including: lack of awareness, understaffing, lack of financial resources, competition for resources, presence of more pressing needs, not enough networking. 6. Local climate action: What do LGs do? How do they respond (different levels of municipality engaged? Different departments active, with one department leading? Overall strategy or ad hoc responses?) - Ad hoc responses, mostly following the current “flow” of funds and financing. Is climate change resilience / adaptation directly addressed (even if not mandate exists)? - It is not considered an issue. 7. Local energy action: Estimate how many LGs are actively engaged in switching to sustainable energy. - There is some movement among the LGs to tackle the energy issues, especially with recent increase of available financing. Mostly, however, isolated refurbishment-style investments are done. - Some very proactive LGs take it a step further, introducing more holistic, planning-oriented measure, but there are few of them. Many LGs are aware of energy issues and try to tackle this issue in some way. Recently energy efficiency and (especially!) renewables are becoming more and more popular. There is increased political backup for the issues, also big technology and engineering companies are moving into this sector. This means more money inflow and more opportunities, which attracts the LGs. Even this year there have been several big events covering those topics. LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 6 Estimate how many LGs have already developed an Action Plan (energy, mobility, waste,) - Waste plans are part of broader strategy for greater area. Goals are transferred to local level. In case of Energy only national plans exist, those have limited impact on LG's strategies and programs they only outline the direction towards which to move. - Mostly what is done is isolated investments like refurbishments etc, while there is lack of longterm, holistic planning. Also, a lot of recent buzz around RES may be coming from the fact, that there are significant state subsidies behind energy from renewable sources, which may have detrimental long-term effects for the economy or may be revoked in future due to growing public deficit in Poland’s budget. Estimate how many are starting up in this field - About 30-40% of LGs are exploring this field but they require further guidance Is there any development of implementing new regulations to conform to national or EU legislation or directives (e.g. EPBD - Energy Performance of Buildings Directive). - The ESD Directive is still in development stages and will only be included when the new Energy Law is accepted. LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 7 8. Role of national LG association(s) in support of members All national and thematic local government associations and networks - organisation name{s}, number of members, any established conservation of resources, etc.. - - LG associations in Poland vary from few dozens to few hundred members, depending on their scope (some are regional, some cover the whole country). They provide a good platform for LGs for cooperation and lobbying. Their involvement in climate and energy issues is very random, and depends greatly on individual municipalities’ approach. On the scale of the whole country there is only one association created specifically for climate and energy purpose – The Polish Energie Cites network. E. INVOLVEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ACTIVITIES 9. Overview of LG involvement in the Local Government Climate Roadmap How have LGs been involved in the international and European process – how interested, how many, to what extent (from very active to observer). Level of involvement in the national climate debate? - It is substantial and growing, especially that more LGs see the involvement in energy and climate issues as a chance of winning more projects, funding etc. LGs are also interested in opportunities for monetary savings and new local investments and developments that new energy economy can bring them. They are often very strongly represented on various national events, conferences, trade fairs etc. Impact of this on interest and involvement in regional (European) and international activities? - Only the largest cities (Warsaw, Poznan, Gdansk, Krakow, Wrocław) have been active participants in international climate and energy dialogue. - Beyond them, LGs associated in the Polish “Energie Cities” network are also active, but they represent a small part of polish local government. - 100% LGs were informed of the Local Government Climate Roadmap F. INVOLVEMENT IN NATIONAL ACTIVITIES 10. Overview of national-local interaction Interaction and activities among national (federal) – regional (state) – local governments. Also potential / planned activities (e.g. meetings scheduled) for 2010 and 2011 that could be explored within the framework of LG Action. Is there any formal interaction between national government and cities / others? - ? Regular meetings? Specific topics? - ? Is there is a need for improved national-local dialogue? - There is no formal, regular contact between local and national level authorities, except for what is required for their day-to-day operational activities. G. CONTACTS 11. Contacts for cities interested in providing additional information Contacts who could be approached for additional information: name of contact person, Department, Email address (if possible), Web address - City Hall of Gdynia: Urząd Miasta Gdynia Aleja Marszałka Piłsudskiego 52/54 LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 8 81-382 Gdynia Phone: (+48 58) 66 88 011 Fax (+48 58) 62 16 764 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.gdynia.pl/eng/ - City Hall of Kołobrzeg: Urząd Miasta Kołobrzeg Ul. Ratuszowa 13 78-100 Kołobrzeg Phone: (+48 94) 35-51-500 Fax (+48 94) 35-23-769 e-mail: [email protected] http://miasto.kolobrzeg.eu/ - City Hall of Poznań: Urząd Miasta Poznania Plac Kolegiacki 17 61-841 Poznań Phone: (+48 61) 878-52-00 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.poznan.pl/mim/public/turystyka/index.html?lang=en - City Hall of Czestochowa: Urząd Miasta Częstochowy Ul. Śląska 11/13 42-217 Częstochowa Phone: (+48 34) 370 71 00 Fax (+48 34) 370 71 70 e-mail: [email protected] www: http://www.czestochowa.pl www: http://www.czestochowa.eu - City Hall of Bielsko-Biała: Urząd Miejski w Bielsku-Białej pl. Ratuszowy 1 43-300 Bielsko-Biała Phone: (+48 33) 4971 800; 4971 497 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.um.bielsko.pl/ 12. Contacts for the national and sub-national government level Contacts who could be approached for additional information: name of contact person, Department, Email address (if possible), Web address - Ministry of Economy: Ministerstwo Gospodarki Plac Trzech Krzyży 3/5 00-507 Warszawa Department of Energy LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 9 Director Tomasz Dąbrowski Phone: (+48 22) 693 57 52 Phone: (+48 22) 693 54 48 Fax: (+48 22) 693 40 35 e-mail: [email protected] Office of the Marshal of Pomorskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Pomorskiego ul. Okopowa 21/27 80-810 Gdańsk - Phone: (+48 58) 32 68 555 Fax: (+48 58) 32 68 556 e-mail: [email protected] www: www.woj-pomorskie.pl - Office of the Marshal of Lubelskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubelskiego ul. Spokojna 4 20-074 Lublin Phone: (+48 81) 44 16 600 Fax (+48 81) 44 16 602 E-mail: [email protected] www.lubelskie.pl - Office of the Marshal of Opolskie Voivodeship: Department of Infrastructure and the Economy ul. Piastowska 17 45-082, Opole Director Grzegorz Szymański Phone: (+48) 77 44 82 140, 44 82 141 Fax: (+48) 77 44.82 142 e-mail: [email protected] http://umwo.opole.pl/serwis/index.php - Office of the Marshal of Mazowieckie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Mazowieckiego ul. Jagiellońska 26, 03-719 Warszawa Phone: (+48 22) 5979-100 fax (+48 22) 5979-290 e-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Śląskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Śląskiego ul. Ligonia 46 40-037 Katowice Phone: (+48 32) 20 78 290 Fax: (+48 32) 20 78 291 E-mail: [email protected] LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 10 - Office of the Marshal of Podlaskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Podlaskiego ul. kard. Stefana Wyszyńskiego 1 15-888 Białystok Phone: (+48 85) 748-51-20 Fax: (+48 85) 749-75-67 E-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Łódzkie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Łódzkiego Al. Piłsudskiego 8 90-051 Łódź e-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Wielkopolskiego al. Niepodległości 18 61-713 Poznań Phone.: (+48 61) 854-17-99 Fax: (+48 61) 852-60-07 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] http://en.umww.pl/ - Office of the Marshal of Wielkopolskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Małopolskiego ul. Racławicka 56 30-017 Kraków Phone: (+48 12) 63 03 107, 63 03 507 fax: (+48 12) 63 03 126 e-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Lubuskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Lubuskiego ul. Podgórna 7 65-057 Zielona Góra Phone: (+48 68) 456 52 00 e-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Dolnośląskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Dolnośląskiego ul. Wybrzeże Słowackiego 12-14 50-411 Wrocław Phone: (+48 71) 776 90 00 E-mail: [email protected] - Office of the Marshal of Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship: LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 11 Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Warmińsko-Mazurskiego ul. Emilii Plater 1 10-562 Olsztyn Phone: (+48 89) 5219130 E-mail: [email protected] http://wrota.warmia.mazury.pl/en/Wersje-jezykowe.html - Office of the Marshal of Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship: Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Kujawsko-Pomorskiego Plac Teatralny 2 87-100 Toruń Phone: (+48 56) 62-18-255; 056 62-23-131 E-mail: [email protected] 13. Contacts for LG association(s) Contacts who could be approached for additional information: name of contact person, Department, Email address (if possible), Web address Association of Polish Cities / Zwiazek Miast Polskich Ul.Robocza 46A, 61-517 Poznan, Poland Tel.: 48-61-633 50 50 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.zmp.org.pl Association of Municipalities Stowarzyszenie Gmin Polska Siec "Energie Cites" ul. Slawkowska 17 31-016 Kraków, Poland E-mail: [email protected] - - Polish Network "Energie Cités" (PNEC) http://sgpeo.pl/ (Association of Renewable-Friendly Communes) http://www.zgwrp.org.pl/ (Association of Rural Communes of the Republic of Poland) http://www.silesia.org.pl/ (Silesian Association of Communes and Districts) http://www.stowarzyszenie-samorzadow.pl/ (association of Polish Local Authorities Cooperating with National Parks) http://www.zpp.pl/ (Association of Polish Poviats) http://www.psst.rzeszow.pl/index.htm (Association of Local Governments of Podkarpacie) http://www.sis-dotacje.pl/ (Association for Local Initiatives) http://www.bss.org.pl/ (Bieszczady Local Government Association) Compiled: April 2010 / updated July 2011 Main Author(s): - Konrad Kosecki (REC Poland), Michał Brennek, Ewa Truszkowska Contributions by: LG Action is co-funded by: - Monika Marks and Wojciech Stepniewski (WWF Poland) The sole responsibility for the content of this document lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. LG Action Country Profile – POLAND 12