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1 Latin Medical Terminology 2015/16 2nd semester Systema cardiovasculare - Greek roots, praefixes, suffixes, clinical terms Greek roots vas, vasculum angi/o- vessel cor cardi/o- heart glandula aden/o- gland sanguis haem/o-, haemat/o- blood lympha lymph/o- lymph my/o- muscle phleb/o- vein thromb/o- blood clot musculus vena Praefixes a-, anbradyanti-/antdeendoepihyperhypoinintraischleukperisyn-/sym- /systachy- without, absence slow against down, without inside upon, higher, over, too much lower, below, under not, without inside, into restricted white around together fast Suffixes -aemia -algia -cele / -kele -ectasia -ectomy -gramm -graph -graphy -itis -lith -logy -malacia -megaly -oma -osis -pathia -plasty -plegia -ptosis -rhagia -rrhaphy -rrhexis -sclerosis -scope -scopy -spasm -stenosis -tension/-tonia -tomy -uria blood pain hernia, protrusion widening surgical removal image made of sth image making device image making procedure inflammation stone study of sth softening enlargement tumor disease condition chronic disease reconstruction surgery paralysis dropping, downward displacement frofuse flow, bleeding surgical suturing rupture hardening instrument for examination examination of sth sudden contraction, cramp narrowing pressure cutting, incision condition of urine 2 1. Fill in the blanks in the sentences with a prefix or its meaning. In ventricular hypertrophy the size of the ventricle is _____________ than normal. Hypertonia / hypertension means___________ blood pressure. _______tonia / ______tension means too low blood pressure. ______stole is contraction of the heart. The endocardium is the _________ layer of heart wall. The epicardium is the layer of pericardium which is _________the heart muscle. The ______cardium is the sac around the heart. Endarteritis is the inflammation of the ________ layer of the wall of arteries. Aplastic anaemia is ______ level of red blood cells due to __________ production of red cells. In arrhythmia the patient’s heart rhythm is ___________ normal ___scending part of aorta is the down-going part of the aorta. _________venous injection is given into the vein. In tachycardia the heart beats ____________ than normal, in _________cardia the hartbeat is slower than normal. 2. Inflammations phlebitis ___________________________ vasculitis/angiitis ___________________________ ______________________ inflammation of heart muscle pericarditis ___________________________ ______________________ inflammation of the inner lining of heart lymphadenitis ___________________________ ______________________ inflammation of lymph vessels 3. What do the following terms related to the heart mean? cardialgia cardiomyorrhaphy cardiectasia cardiomalacia cardioplegia cardiomegaly cardiography cardiomyopathy cardiograph cardiomyoplasty cardiogramm cardiorrhexis cardiosclerosis cardioptosis cardiocele cardiology 3 4. Provide the suffix of the term based on the meaning. angi_________ sudden contraction of the vessel angi_________ narrowing of the vessel angi_________ inflammation of the vessel angi_________ surgical removal of the part of vessel angi_________ tumor of vessels angi_________ pain in the vessels angi_________ widening of the vessels angi_________ surgical suture of a vessel angi_________ image making of vessels angi_________ hardening of vessels arteri_________ stone in artery arteri_________ surgical incision of an artery phleb_________ venous bleeding phleb_________ widening of a vein 5. Match the condition of the blood with its meaning 1 anaemia low level of sodium ions 2 hyperaemia low level of blood volume in the body 3 hypercalcaemia urine in the blood 4 hyperglykaemia low level of potassium ions in the blood 5 cholaemia local restriction of blood supply 6 bilirubinaemia higher than normal calcium level of the blood 7 hypokalaemia low level of red cells in the blood 8 hyponatraemia bile in the blood 9 hypovolaemia presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a part 10 leukaemia neoplasm of the blood involving white cells 11 uraemia bilirubin in the blood 12 ischaemia high level of blood sugar 6. What do the suffixes and prefixes mean in the following terms? 4 6. Match the pairs. Latin term 1 2 3 4 5 6 cor pulmonale extrasystole regurgitation haemangioma atherosclerosis thromboangiitis obliterans 7 avascular necrosis 8 ecchymosis 9 claudication 10 hypertrophia ventricu 11 ischaemia 12 aneurysma English meaning a) b) c) d) e) f) lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs enlargement of the ventricle of the heart decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels inflammation of blood vessel resulting in formation of blood clot that blocks the flow of blood g) a heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation h) contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction i) tumour consisting of blood vessels j) form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the layers of the lining of the arteries k) outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin l) backflow of blood at the valves 7. Translate the term to English. Latin term 1 collapse 2 haemorrhoid 3 angiography 4 congestive heart failure 5 angina pectoris 6 echocardiography 7 auscultation 8 acrocyanosis 9 coronary occlusion 10 thrombophlebitis 11 hypertension 12 palpitation Meaning in English 5 8. Give the Latin term based on the definition. Latin term English meaning abnormal rhythm of heart contractions slow heart rate a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream inflammation of the arteries inflammation of veins death of a portion of heart muscle heartbeat a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse enlarged twisted veins faster than normal heartbeats widening of diameter of blood vessels tumour or swelling that contains blood narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels Case Study -- A 57-year-old female with endocarditis and brain abscess Explain the highlighted keywords Contributed by Isil Yildiz, MD and A. William Pasculle, Sc.D. CLINICAL HISTORY Chief Complaint Fever. History of Present Illness This 57 year-old female patient, 23 months prior to her admission, was diagnosed with Streptococcus pyogenes group septic arthritis, diagnosed by culture of synovial fluid at an outside hospital. She was started on vancomycin, and later switched to penicillin, and gentamycin and had debridement of her right knee. Subsequently, she developed blurry vision, due to bilateral endophthalmitis which was treated with fluconazole and moxifloxacin and transferred to our hospital. Six blood cultures drawn over her stay in our hospital were negative. However, she was noticed to have a new heart murmur, transesophogeal echocardiogram (TEE) suggested a mitral valve vegetation and she underwent a mitral valve repair for presumed mitral valve endocarditis with placement of an annuloplasty band. Routine, fungal and AFB cultures of the vegetation showed no growth. Six months after the surgery, she presented with worsening symptoms of shortness of breath and dyspnea on exertion. An echocardiogram revealed severe mitral stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation necessitating replacement of her mitral valve with a mechanical valve, nine 6 months after her first surgery. Two blood cultures drawn over her stay in our hospital were negative. Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed fibrosis, calcifications and chronic inflammation suggesting old rheumatic valvular disease. No material was submitted for culture. Thirteen months after the second surgery, she presented to her PCP with complaints of confusion, left-sided weakness, and a left facial droop. Imaging studies at the outside hospital demonstrated a 2.8 x 2.6 x 3.1 cm multiloculated, peripheral-enhancing, necrotic mass in right frontal lobe, thought to be consistent with necrotic neoplasm or abscess. A stereotactic brain biopsy was done and preliminary gram stain was negative for organisms. While in the operating room, a TEE was performed and showed echogenic densities consistent with perivascular abscess and dehiscence surrounding the mitral valve. The patient was transferred to our hospital for further management of recurrent endocarditis and right frontal lobe brain abscess. She was started on vancomycin , ceftriaxone and gentamycin and vancomycin was stopped later. Two weeks after admission to our facility , her mitral valve was replaced for the third time because of prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis, 14 months after her second surgery. She was discharged after 8 days, but returned three days later with an elevated body temperature of 103 F. Two blood cultures as well as routine and fungal culture of the mitral valve vegetation were negative. Serologic studies and PCR for Bartonella sp., Coxiella, and Lyme disease were all negative as was a Legionella urinary antigen test and serology for Legionella pneumophila, serogroups 1-2,6 and 8. Histopathological evaluation of the mitral valve showed organizing fibrinopurulent exudate and gram and GMS stains were negative for microorganisms. Past Medical History 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Systemic lupus Antiphospholipid syndrome. Anticardiolipin antibodies Hypothyroidism Hypertension At the present admission a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a nondilated left ventricle with severely hypokinetic basal posterior and overall preserved systolic function, tilting disc prothesis in the mitral position with normal motion and function with no vegetations seen. A TEE, done a week after admission, demonstrated a periprosthetic leak in the posterior lateral annular area with mitral regurgitation. and an increase in the thickness of the perivalvular area consistent with periannular abscess. A repeat TEE six days later suggested prosthetic mitral valve surrounded by inflammatory tissue and possible early abscess formation. Prosthesis did not appear to be loose. Two distinct mobile echodensities suggestive of vegetations were seen. Ten blood cultures drawn over this admission were negative. The patient once again was taken to the OR despite negative cultures and no sign of infection, due to the concern for the presence of an annular abscess. It was decided to proceed with early intervention of mitral valve replacement and sternotomy for the fourth time, 4 weeks after the third surgery. Fungal and bacterial cultures of the pericardial clot, pericardial patch and prosthetic mitral valve were negative. Patient was started on gentamicin, cefepime and vancomycin. Vancomycin was later changed to daptomycin. 7 Vocabulary 2 Cardiovascular system - Clinical terms Latin term English meaning 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 acrocyanosis aneurysm angina pectoris angiography arrhythmia arteriosclerosis arteritis atherosclerosis auscultation avascular necrosis bradycardia cardiomegaly cardiomyopathy claudication collapse cor pulmonale ecchymosis echocardiography embolus endocarditis extrasystole fibrillation haemangioma haematoma hypertension ventricular hypertrophy myocardial infarction congestive heart failure ischaemia haemorrhoid coronary occlusion oedema palpitation phlebitis pulse regurgitation sphygmomanometer tachycardia thrombophlebitis thrombus bluish tinge to the tips of the extremities widening of a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the wall of it strangling pain in the chest area x-ray of a blood vessel with an injection of a radiopaque substance to the vessel abnormal rhythm of heart contractions hardening of the walls of the arteries inflammation of the arteries form of arteriosclerosis in which fatty substance deposit in and between the layers of the lining of the arteries listening for heart sounds death of tissue because of the lack of blood supply through the blood vessels slow heart rate enlargement of the heart disease of the heart muscle lameness or limping due to decrease in the blood supply to the legs loss of consciousness because of disorder of peripheral circulation a form of heart disease resulting from a disorder in the pulmonary circulation outpouring of fluid (blood) under the skin ultrasound examination of heart action a ball of clotted blood that is carried within the bloodstream inflammation of the lining of the heart contraction of the heart out of normal rhythm, premature contraction uncontrolled twitching of the fibers of heart muscles tumour consisting of blood vessels tumour or swelling that contains blood high blood pressure enlargement of the ventricle of the heart death of a portion of heart muscle the heart fails to pump blood adequately resulting in a backup of blood decrease in the blood supply of a part or organ dilated vein filled with blood at the anal sphincter obstruction of the coronary artery a swelling because of accumulation of fluid outside of blood vessels awareness of an abnormally strong or an abnormally rapid heartbeat inflammation of a vein impact of the ejection of blood from left ventricle felt at superficial arteries backflow of blood at the valves instrument for measuring of blood pressure by measuring the force of pulse faster than normal heartbeats inflammation of veins that results in the formation of a blood clot blood clot 8 41 varicose vein 42 vasoconstriction 43 vasodilation enlarged twisted veins narrowing of the diameter of the blood vessels widening of diameter of blood vessels