Download Hake 8 Grammar Guide

Hake 8
Grammar Guide
Name: ____________________________
Period:__________
Introduction: This grammar guide was made for you to contain the notes for Hake grammar lessons 1­55. Some of you have already learned these lessons in your English class, some of you have not. This guide is set up by lesson numbers in order to provide you with quick notes and review. Some lessons are not included because their content is pretty basic. Please refer to the table of contents to help you find your topic. Table of Contents Lesson 1: Four Types of Sentences. Subject and Predicate.
There are four types of sentences.
Declarative:​
Statement. Ends in a period.
Ex. I love cheese.
Imperative: ​
Command or demand. Ends in a period or an exclamation point.
Ex. Eat the cheese.
Interrogative:​
Question. Ends in a question mark.
Ex. Do you love cheese?
Exclamatory:​
Shows a strong feeling or emotion. Ends in an exclamation point.
Ex. I love cheese!
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A sentence has two parts.
1. Subject (noun)
2. Predicate (verb)
Ex. I love to cheer!
Lesson 3: Diagramming the subject and predicate
Diagramming looks like this:
Ex. The monkeys swing on the tree.
● If it is an imperative sentence, the subject (you) is placed in parentheses. In an imperative sentence the
subject is always you.
Ex. Sit Down.
Lesson 4: Concrete, proper, abstract, and collective nouns
Proper Noun: ​
Names a specific person, place, or thing and requires a capital letter.
Ex. Senator Brown, January
Concrete Noun:​
Can be physically touched.
Ex. ocean, ship, mayor
Abstract Noun:​
Cannot be touched.
Ex. Tuesday, Judaism, Love
Collective Noun:​
Names a collection. It’s more than one.
Ex. swarm, flock, United States, jury, group, assortment
Lesson 6: Helping Verbs
Helping verbs do not show action, but help the verb.
Ex. I ​
may have​
been sad.
May and have are helping verbs helping the verb been.
There are 23 helping verbs:
is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, has, have, had, may, might, must, can, could, do, does, did, shall, will, should,
would
*When diagramming, always include the helping verbs with the verbs.
Ex.
Lesson 7: Singular, plural, compound, and possessive nouns. Noun gender.
Singular Noun:​
Tax, war, box
Plural Noun: ​
Taxes, wars, boxes
Compound Noun:​
Made up of two or more words.
Ex. thumbtack, pigpen, merry-go-round, post office
A possessive noun​
tells “who” or “what” owns something.
Ex. Doris’s briefcase, somebody’s absence, classes’ schedules
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Noun gender
Masculine Nouns:​
Grandfather, bull, brother
Feminine: ​
Mare, mother, hen
Indefinite:​
(either sex) grandparent, sibling, horse
Neuter: ​
(no sex) pizza, shoe, tree, bicycle, nest
Lesson 8: Future Tense
Future tense refers to action that has not yet occurred. Usually formed with the helping verbs ​
shall ​
or ​
will​
.
*The pronouns​
I​
and ​
We ​
always use ​
shall
Ex. I shall see you this weekend.
Ex. The movie will be good.
Lesson 13: Principal Parts of Verbs
There are four principal parts of verbs.
1. The verb:​
Lobby, appease, run
2. Present participle:​
Is lobbying, is appeasing, is running
3. Past tense:​
Lobbied, appeased, ran
4. Past participle:​
Have lobbied, has appeased, has run
Lesson 14: Prepositions
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word.
Ex. The cat was hiding under the couch
Lesson 15: Perfect Tense
Perfect tense shows an action that has been completed or “perfected.”
*Perfect tense will always have a form of the helping verb have:
have, has, had
Present perfect tense:​
has selected, have voted
Past perfect:​
had agreed, had received
Future perfect: ​
shall have discussed, will have voted
Lesson 16: Verbals, gerund
A verbal is a verb form that doesn’t function as a verb. Verbals can function as a:
1. noun
2. adjective
3. adverb
For this year, we will focus on verbals used as nouns.
A gerund is a verbal. It ends in -ing and functions as a noun.
Ex. Speech writing proved challenging.
*When diagramming a gerund it looks like this:
Lesson 17: Progressive Verb Forms
-Shows action in progress
Lesson 18: Linking Verbs
A linking verbs links the subject to the rest of the predicate.
Ex. Daniel was a senator
Some common linking verbs are:
is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been
Lesson 19: Infinitives
An infinitive is a verbal and functions as the noun/subject of the sentence.
* It is usually preceded by “to”
Ex. to censor, to incriminate
It is diagrammed like this:
Lesson 20: Phrases and Clauses
A​
phrase​
has either a noun or a verb, but not both.
Ex. of nine justices, would have approved, averting disaster
A​
clause​
has a noun and a verb.
Ex. as the judge tapped the gavel
Lesson 21: Direct Object
Direct Object: ​
Follows an action verb. Tells who are what received the action.
Ex. The ​
president​
selected the ​
ambassador​
.
*The direct object is diagrammed like this:
Lesson 24: Limiting Adjectives and Diagramming Adjectives
Article Adjectives:​
a, an, the
Demonstrative:​
this, those, these, that
Numbers:​
two, nine, three
Possessive Adjectives​
: Answer whose?
Pronouns: ​
his​
opinion, ​
her​
suggestion, ​
its ​
longevity
Nouns: ​
Hamilton’s ​
beliefs
Indefinites:​
some, many, few, several
Adjectives are diagrammed on a slanted line underneath the word they are describing.
Ex. America’s first President united the many senators.
Lesson 26: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs
Transitive verb:​
Action verb that has a direct object.
Ex. We may have peaceful assemblies
Intransitive verb:​
Has no direct object.
Ex. The protesters were gathering quietly.
Chapter 28: Object of Preposition. Diagramming the Prepositional Phrase
The ​
object of preposition​
is the noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.
Ex. ​
aboard​
the *plane
Diagramming the prepositional looks like this:
Ex. The Vice President took the place of the President.
Lesson 30: Indirect Object
The indirect object receives the action indirectly.
*In order to have an indirect object, you must have a direct object. The indirect object is diagrammed under the verb.
Lesson 33: Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence that are equal or similar in form.
Some common coordinative conjunctions are:
and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
Ex. peanut butter ​
and​
jelly, angering some ​
but​
appeasing others
Lesson 34: Compound Predicates and Subjects
Compound subjects: The predicate (verb) of a sentence may have more than one subject.
Ex. John Langdon and Nicholas Gilman represented New Hampshire.
-John and Nicholas are both the subject.
It’s diagrammed like this:
Compound Predicates: You can also have a sentence that has two or more verbs.
Ex. The Bill of Rights defines and safeguards fundamental individual rights.
Lesson 35: Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are always in pairs.
Ex. both-and, neither-nor, either-or, not only-but also
Lesson 36: Predicate Nominatives
These are nouns that follow the verb and renames the subject.
Ex. That judge is Rufus King.
“Rufus King” renames judge
Lesson 37: Noun Case
We group nouns into three cases:
1. Nominative: ​
When the noun is the subject of the sentence
-or if the noun is used as a predicate nominative.
-a predicate nominative follows a linking verb.
Ex. Sherman was Connecticut’s representative.
2. ​
Possessive:​
Nouns that show ownership.
3. ​
Objective: ​
Noun that is used as a direct object, indirect object, or an object of preposition.
Lesson 42: Appositives
An appositive is a group of words that immediately follow a noun to “rename” the noun or give more information
about the noun.
Ex. The opportunist Aaron Burr shot and killed his arch enemy Alexander Hamilton in a fight.
*Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton are appositives.
Lesson 46: Pronouns and Antecedents
Pronoun: A word that takes place of a noun
Ex. she, them, they, her, his, its, we, he
Antecedents: The noun or noun phrase to which the pronoun refers.
Ex. If people like James Madison, let them re-elect him.
*The antecedent of the pronoun them is people.
*The antecedent of the pronoun him is James Madison.
Lesson 50: Nominative Pronoun Case
Pronouns can be grouped into three cases:
1.
2.
3.
nominative
objective
possessive
Nominative pronoun is when a pronoun is used as a subject or predicate nominative.
Lesson 51: Objective Pronoun Case
Pronouns are used as a direct object, indirect object, or objects of preposition.
Lesson 52: Possessive Pronouns
Lesson 54: Dependent and Independent Clauses
Independent Clause: Expresses a complete thought.
Ex. Ambiguous terms confuse us.
Dependent Clause: Cannot stand alone.
Ex. since John Dickinson spoke for the colonies.
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Subordinating Conjunctions:
Introduces a dependent clause. Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:
After, although, as, as if, as soon as, as though, because, before, even though, if, in order that, since, so that, than,
that, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while