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A Grammar Practice Book A Grammar Practice Book Content : Amar Ujala Education Books Authors’ Panel Contribution Mahesh Pareek, Jyoti Pareek © Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. Published by Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. and printed at C-21, Sector 59, Noida - 201301 (U.P.) Edition : 2016 Price : ` 250/ISBN : 978-93-82948-04-9 Due care and diligence has been taken while publishing this book. However, the publisher does not hold any responsibility for any mistake that may have inadvertently crept in. The publisher does not accept responsibility for any loss arising out of the use of this book. All rights reserved. Neither this publication nor any part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. All disputes are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of competent courts and forums in Noida only. Books consulted 1. Advanced Grammar in Use: A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Advanced Learners of English [Second edition] by Martin Hewings 2. Advanced Grammar in Use Supplementary Exercises with Answers by Simon Haines, Mark Nettle and Martin Hewings 3 How English Works: A Grammar Practice Book by Michael Swan and Catherine Walter 4. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [Second edition] by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik 5. A Communicative Grammar of English [Third edition], by Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik 6 A University Grammar of English [Abridged] by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum 7. An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage [Second edition] by Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, Benita Cruickshank and Roz Ivanic 8. The Elements of Style [Fourth Edition] by William Strunk Jr. and, E. B. White 9. Mortal Syntax: 101 Language Choices That Will Get You Clobbered by the Grammar Snobs-Even If You're Right by June Casagrande 10. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs by Rosemary Courtney 11 The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary by Simon Winchester 12. Grammar Girl's 101 Words Every High School Graduate Needs to Know by Mignon Fogarty 5 13. How Not to Write: The Essential Misrules of Grammar by William Safire 14. English Grammar in Use With Answers: Reference and Practice for Intermediate Students [Second edition] by Raymond Murphy 15. The Only Grammar Book You'll Ever Need: A One-Stop Source for Every Writing Assignment [Second edition] by Susan Thurman and Larry Shea 16. Practical English Usage [Third edition] by Michael Swan 17. Guide to Patterns and Usage in English [Second edition] by Albert Sydney Hornby 18 Analyzing English Grammar [Third edition] by Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz and Angela Della Volpe 19. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English by Douglas Biber, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan 20. English Syntax: A Grammar for English Language Professionals by Roderick A. Jacobs 21. The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL Teacher's Course [Second edition] by Marianne Celce-Murcia and Diane Larsen-Freeman 22. An Introduction to Functional Grammar [Third edition] by Michael Halliday and Christian Matthiessen 23. The English Verb : An Exploration of Structure and Meaning by Michael Lewis 24. Living English Structure [Fifth edition] by William Stannard Allen 25. A Practical English Grammar [Forth edition] by A. J. Thomson and A. V. Martinet 6 Preface There is no end in sight to the books on English grammar; nor should there be till theoretical scholarship and actual practice are more happily wedded. Written by scholarly grammarians, most of the books on English grammar are addressed rather more to college/university students than to those who are preparing for different competitive examinations. Needless to say, a book on English Grammar burdened with hard words, abstruse thoughts and complex principles will be of little help to young learners who are anxious to develop their skills and get through their different competitive examinations. Pedantry will be of no use to them in their grasping and assimilating the facts of grammar. Moreover, it may develop in them a disaster of learning. And, therefore, the major object of this book is to be as practical as possible. It is an attempt to present grammatical facts as simply, and to help learners to assimilate them as thoroughly as possible. And, thus, to do away with their confusing difficulties. This is followed by varied examination-oriented, task based, communicative and interactive exercises which give learners the opportunity to consolidate what they have learnt. Our aim has been to make a grammar of as wide a scope as is consistent with the syllabi of the most of the competitive examinations. The book covers all the key elements included in the grammar syllabus of the standard competitive examinations and also many topics which are often ignored. We have endeavoured to attain two objects- to cultivate mental skill and power to the learner, and to bring him/her through the material having no bearing on or no connection with the subject matter of these examinations. Detailed explanations and grammar detective exercises given in the book make the learning and practising of grammar both a pleasure and a challenge. We are not supposed to claim that our project is absolutely free from errors and oversights. For any flow that might have crept in, we would gratefully welcome the comments and suggestions. 7 CONTENTS 1. NOUNS..................................... 12 The objective case Possessive personal pronouns Possessive adjectives Possessive pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Indefinite pronouns Reciprocal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns Relative pronouns Proper nouns Countable nouns The formation of plurals Singular Countable Nouns Determiners (A and The) Plural Countable Nouns The absence of a determiner before plural countable nouns The use of The before plural countable nouns The use of The with proper nouns Uncountable Nouns Nouns used only in the plural The absence of a determiner before uncountable nouns The use of The before uncountable nouns The use of uncountable nouns to refer to individual things Nouns which can be either countable or uncountable Infinitives used in the place of nouns Gerunds Specific verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds Nouns Indicating Possession and Compound Subjects Agreement of verbs with collective nouns and compound subjects 3. DETERMINERS....................... 84 Determiners used to refer to groups of two persons or things Determiners used as singular or plural pronouns The use of All, Both and Each The use of No, None and Not The use of Some and Any The use of Another, Other, Others and Else The use of Only The use of Few, Little and Several The expressions Such ... That, So ... That, and Too 4. ADJECTIVES..........................102 Position of Adjective in a Sentence Proper adjectives Attributive adjectives Determiners General descriptive adjectives Adjectives indicating colour Adjectives indicating materials The position of proper adjectives 2. PRONOUNS............................ 48 Personal Pronouns Agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents Special uses of It 8 A Grammar Practice Book 6. PREPOSITIONS................... 190 Defining adjectives Ordinal adjectives Punctuation used with attributive adjectives Stress used with attributive adjectives Predicate adjectives Interpolated adjectives Adjectival phrases and clauses Participles used as adjectives Adjectives used in comparisions Positive forms of adjectives preceded and followed by As Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives which use endings Progressive comparisons Superlative forms of adjectives which use endings Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives which do not use endings The use of More The use of Less The adjectives Many, Much, Few and Little used to compare quantities Making logical comparisons The meanings of prepositions Prepositions used in idioms Nouns followed by prepositions Adjectives and verbs in the passive voice followed by prepositions Verbs followed by prepositions 7. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS..... 215 To Lay and To Lie To Raise and To Rise Lay and Lie, Raise and Rise, and Set and Sit Indirect objects 8. PHRASAL VERBS.............. 222 Verbs Followed by Prepositions Verbs followed by Objects followed by Prepositions Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb Verbs followed by Adverbs followed by Noun Objects Ergative Phrasal Verbs Distinguishing between verbs followed by prepositions and verbs followed by adverbs Adverb phrases of location compared with phrasal verbs followed by objects Words used as prepositions or adverbs Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb followed by a preposition Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb followed by a preposition Verbs followed by Objects followed by Adverbs followed by Prepositions 5. ADVERBS............................... 159 Position of Adverbs in a Sentence Intensifiers Adverbs of frequency Adverbs of time Adverbs of manner Connecting adverbs Adverb phrases and clauses of purpose Adverbs of location There used as an introductory word Negative adverbs Interrogative adverbs Adverbs of manner The differing functions of adjectives and adverbs Adverbs used in comparisons 9 A Grammar Practice Book 9. CONJUNCTIONS................ 248 11. CLAUSES............................. 323 Coordinate conjunctions Correlative conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Connecting adverbs Parallel construction Coordinate clauses Subordinate clauses 12. SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES.... 326 13. THE SUBJUNCTIVES......... 330 10. TENSES................................ 260 Formal commands and requests Wishes Conditions which are false or improbable The Imperative Mood The Simple Present The Simple Present of the Verb to Be Tag questions The Simple Present of Verbs other than the Verb to Be Spelling rules for adding s in the third person singular The Present Continuous Spelling rules for the formation of the present participle Comparison of the uses of the simple present and present continuous The Present Perfect Spelling rules for adding ed to form the past participle The Present Perfect Continuous The Simple Past The Simple Past of the verb To Be The Simple Past of Verbs other than the Verb to Be The simple past of To Use followed by an infinitive The Past Continuous The past continuous of To Go followed by an infinitive The Past Perfect The Past Perfect Continuous Emphatic statements The Simple Future The Future Continuous The Future Perfect The Future Perfect Continuous 14. MODAL VERBS ................. 347 Formation of the modal conjugations Relationships among the modal auxiliaries Would Can and Could May, Might and Must Should Expressions which are synonymous with the modal auxiliaries 15. TAG QUESTIONS, SHORT ANSWERS AND ELLIPSIS... 372 16. THE PASSIVE VOICE......... 378 Questions and negative statements Negative questions Changing the voice of a verb while preserving the meaning of a sentence Changing the voice of a verb which takes both a direct object and an indirect object 17. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH .............................. 394 Declarative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Imperative Sentences Optative Sentences Exclamatory Sentences 10