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UNIT 1 How to make a Coptic sentence : A sentence requires a subject and a verb. The subject that carries out the action can be a noun or pronoun. (1) VERBS Verbs given here can be used in the imperative form, that is to make a request or to give an order. he mc i [i sit ( haemsi ) take ouwm eat ` sl/l c aji ( chi ) ( ou - woam ) pray ( eshleel ) speak ( saji ) ouwst kneel - worship ou-woasht mosi go - walk c wte m listen cw drink ( moshi ) ( soataem ) ( soa ) `c mo u bless ( esmou ) ws read ( oash ) jo ust look ( gousht ) (2) NOUNS Nouns are used as subjects or objects. In Coptic, nouns are either masculine or feminine. We shall start with masculine nouns. The best way to tell the gender of a noun is to identify its definite article. used definite article for masculine nouns. pi rwmi pi is the most commonly pi to tc the man (1) the chair The indefinite article is ou , which is “ a “ in English. ou is taken by both masculine and feminine nouns. ourwmi a man oualou a boy ouou/b a priest oue rve i pi rwmi (ou - roami ) pi alou ( ou - alou ) pi ou/b ( ou - ou - weep ) pi e rve i a sanctuary ( ou - aer - faey ) the man the boy the priest the sanctunary oudi akwn a deacon ( ou - thyakoan) pi di akwn outotc a chair ( ou - tots ) pi totc the chair oulaoc people ( ou - la - wos ) pi laoc the people ( ou - ma ) pi ma ouma a place ouma e fouab a holy place ouma ` njoust ` e b ol oukahi our/ Kahi r/ ( Kahi ra) (3) the place ( ou - ma aef - ou- wab ) waiting area ( ou - ma - en - gousht aevol ) pi kahi a land - floor ( ou - kahi ) a sun the deacon pi r/ ( ou - ree ) ( Kahi - ree/ra ) the land - floor the sun Cairo ( land of the sun ) PREPOSITION This is a word often placed before a noun or pronoun to show direction, place, source,.etc. (e g in, from, at ). An object separated from a verb by a preposition is known as indirect object . (2) qe n in - by ` e ( khaen ) ` e je n - hi je n on (aejaen - hijaen) ` nc a ( en - sa ) towards to sa ( aeh ) until ( sha ) ne m with - and ( naem ) The following sentences are made up of a verb in the imperative form, a preposition and an “ indirect object “. c aji ne m pi rwmi Speak with the man. mo si ne m pi alo u Walk with the boy. ` sl/l ne m pi o u/b Pray with the priest. he mc i hi je n pi totc Sit on the chair. he mc i hi je n pi kahi Sit on the floor. ` sl/l qe n pi e r ve i Pray in the sanctuary. ouwm qe n pi ma ` njo ust e b o l Eat in the waiting area. GENERAL PRACTICE nane nane too u` i good ( nanae ) good morning ( nanae to - ou -wi ) (3) nane r ouhi good evening nane ` e masw ( nanae rou - hi ) very good ( nanae - ae - mashoa ) ar i ` hmot please ( do ). ( ari - eh - mot ) ar i ` hmot c w please drink. ( ari - eh -mot soa ) ar i ` hmot o uwm ~ n~ hmo t ` mpe r please eat. ( ari - eh - mot ou - woam ) please do not ( empaer ) ( en-eh-mot ) alla but ( alla ) ` mpe r c aji alla c wte m. Do not speak but listen. mpe rmo si alla he mc i . Do not go but sit down. ` mpe r he mc i pi totc . hi je n pi kahi alla he mc i hi je n Do not sit on the floor but sit on the chair. RELIGIOUS APPLICATION c wte m e r on * hear us `c mou e r on ` c mou e r of *, bless us ar e h e r on preserve us pi r/ ne m pi i o h Bless Him, the sun and the moon ( esmou aerof pi - ree naem pi - yoh ) _______________________________________________________ (*) e roi , e rok, e ro , e r of , e roc , e ron .. object pronouns indicate me, you, you (fem), him, her, us .. to be explained at a later stage. (4) UNIT 2 (1) SPECIAL DEFINITE ARTICLES We have learned the definite article pi is used for singular masculine nouns. In this unit, two special definite masculine articles are presented: `p and `v. These are frequently used for sing. masculine nouns of particular importance in religious texts. ` vi wt ( ef - yoat ) `vran the name (ef - nou - ti) `vr / the father ` vnou] (the) God ` vnob i the sin ( ef - novi ) ` p[ oi c the lord ( ep - choys ) ` ps/r i the son `p/i ( ef - ran ) the sun ( ef - ree ) the house `pouro the king `pkahi the land ( ep - sheeri ) ( ep - ee ) ( ep - ou - ro ) ( ep - ka - hi ) The student will be familiar with these special articles in the course of his or her study, and through attendance of church service.However, many other “religious” words take the usual masculine article Pi ` <r i c toc pi agi o c O\MG# O\MG# pi . (the) Christ ( pi - ekhristos ) the saint (masc.) (5) ( pi - agyos ) pi e uagge li o n O\MG# pi ` pne uma e yo uab (2) the bible ( pi - aev - an - gael - yon ) the Holy Spirit ( pi-ep-naev-ma aeth-ou- wab ) DIRECT OBJECT An object is a noun or noun - equivalent, governed by a verb. The indirect object, as we learned, is separated from the verb by a preposition. A direct object is acted upon by transitive verb. In Coptic, such object is separated from the commonly ` used verbs by one of these articles e ` m ` n These articles are called ‘’ object signs “. A - Some verbs take the object sign `E sar i hit - smack ( shari ) ar e h hwc praise ( hoas ) c wte m nau listen - hear ( soateam ) see swle m smell ( nav ) ( shoalaem ) keep - study ( araeh ) `c mou bless ( esmou ) [oh touch ( choh ) jo ust look ( gousht ) je mjo m overcome ( jaemgom ) EXAMPLES ` c mou ` e ` Vno u] Bless (the) (6) God . ( esmou ae ef - nou - ti ) hwc ` e ` p[ o i c Praise the Lord . jo ust ` e pi alo u ( hoas ae ep - choys ) Look ( at ) the boy. ( gousht ae pi - alou ) c wte m ` e pi ` sl/l Listen ( to ) the prayer ar e h ` e pi ws Study the lesson . swle m ` e pi b e r t Smell the rose [i ` n outo tc ( araeh - ae - pi - oash ) ( shoalaem - ae - pi - vaert ) `n B - All other verbs take the object sign ( soataem ae pi - esh - leel ) or ` m Take a chair. c w ` n oumwo u ( chi - en - ou - tots ) Drink water. ( soa - en - ou - moa - ou ) c aji ` n ]me tr e m` n,/mi Speak (the) Coptic. ouwm ` n af *` m m , ( saji - en - ti - maet- raem - en - keemi ) Eat meat . is used instead of v , b or `n ( ou - woam en af ) when a noun ( usually its article ) starts with: '(ps) EXAMPLES [i ` m pi to tc Take the chair. ` sl/l ` m ` vno u] Pray ( to ) God ouwst ` m ` p[o i c Worship the Lord. c o b ] ` m pi ma Prepare the place. (7) ( chi ( eshleel em pi tots ) em efnou - ti ) ( ou -woasht em ep - choys ) ( sovti em pi - ma ) `m (3) OTHER USES FOR ` & `n m and `n are used to join noun to a noun, adjective to a noun and number to a noun. (1) Joining noun to a related noun. ` vr an ` m ` vi wt the name of the father pi o u/b ` m pi e r ve i the priest of the sanctury ( pi-ou-weep em pi-erfaey ) pi mwo u ` m ` vi o m the water of the sea ( efran em ef - yoat ) ( pi- moa - ou em efyom ) (2) Joining noun to an adjective. pi r wmi ` n c ab e the wise man ounou] ` n o uwt one God pi jwm ` m b e ri the new book ` p/i ` n ( pi - roami en savae ) ( ou - nouti en ou - woat ) ( pi - goam em vaeri ) apac the old house ( ep - ee en apas ) ouwnq ` n ` e ne h an eternal life ( ou - oankh en aenaeh ) (3) Join numbers to nouns When `m and `n are used to join a number to a noun, the noun remains singular. (In English the noun following a number must be in plural. e.g. five boys .) (8) so mt ` n ` alou three boys c o o u ` n ` e hoo u ( shomt en - alou ) six days ( so - ou en eho - ou ) sasf ` n c o p seven times ( shashf en sop ) m/t ` n r wmi ten men ( meet en roami ) se ` n ro mpi hundred years ( shae en rompi ) GENERAL PRACTICE he mc i ` mnai o uo h joust e b o l Sit here and wait. ( haemsi emnay ou-woh gousht aevol ) he mc i ` nc a pi ,ay/o u o uo h joust ` e pi qi r window and watch the street. (haemsi ensa pi-ka-thiy-you ou-woh gousht ae pikhir ) ` mpe r [ oh ` e pi jwm ` m b e ri ` n Se no uda Shenouda’s new book. Sit towards the Do not touch (empaer - choh ae pi-goam em vaeri en shenouda) [i ` m pi to tc ` n apac e b ol ` mnai . Take the old chair out of here . ( chi em pi - tots en apas aevol emnay ) me i ` m pi s/ri ` m pi ye se ` n r e mmame ti oc ` m` vr /] ` m pi s/r i ` m pi ye se ` n ` <r i c ti anoc . Love the son of the Moslem neighbour like the son of the Christian neighbour. ( maey em pi - sheeri em pi - thae-shae en rae-ma-maetyos em-ef-reeti em pisheeri em pi thae-shae an ekhristyanos ) (9) mo u] ` e pi somt ` n alo u. Call the three boys ( mouti ae pi-shomt en-alou) mo u] ` e pi pol/c # ` n,wle m o uoh jo ust e b ol. police quickly and wait. Call the (mouti ae pi-polees en-koalaem ouw-woh gousht aevol) RELIGIOUS APPLICATION qe n ` vran ` m ` vi wt ne m ` ps/r i ne m pi ` pne uma e yo uab ounou] ` n o uwt am/n. In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit ( the ) one God, amen (khaen ef-ran em efioat naem ep-sheeri naem pi-ep-naevma aeth-ouw-wab ou-nouti en ouw-woat) pi somt ` n alo u ` n agi oc The three saint boys . ( pi-shomt en alou en agyos) ` vn/b ` p[o i c ` vno u] pi pantokr atwr the Master the Lord the God the Almighty (One who controls all ) ( efneeb epchoys efnouti pi-pan-tok-ratoar ) ` pq/b c ` m pi c wma pe ( *) pi b al The lamp of the body is the eye. ( ep-kheebs em pi-soama pae pi-val ) ______________________________________________________ * pe verb to be, is, for single masculine nouns. # symbol of newly introduced words like police (10) vocabulary ` vi om </mi the sea Egypt pi mwo u (pi-moa-ou) (ef-yom) (keemi) re m` n,/mi the water (raem-en.) Egyptian ]me tr e m` n,/mi the Egyptian ( Coptic ) language pi af the meat (pi-af) pi ` e ho ou (pi-eho-ou) ` mnai here (em-nay) ` nke c o p again ke another pi c op o u/r ` nc op (enkaesop) (kaeh) (pi-sop) o uke rwmi the day the time how many times another man (oukaer.) pi ,ay/outhe window (kathiyou) pi qi r the street (pi-khir) pi jwm the book b e ri new ( vaeri ) apac old (apas) pi ` e ne h ouai so mt three (ouw-way) (shomt) five seven (shashf) |i t nine (psit) eleven (meet-ouw-way) the neighbour pi-thae-shae sa ` e ne h `c nau `fto u (eftou) six eight ten m/t` c nau (11) (esnav) four ` sm/n m/t for ever (sha aenaeh) two c oo u (et-you) sasf m/touai pi ye se the eternity (pi-aenaeh) one ` ti ou (pi-goam) (so-ou) (eshmeen) (meet) twelve (meet-es-nav) jo ust e b o l wait ~ <r i c ti ano c ` m` vr/] ` m (gousht aevol) O\M G# re mmame ti o c Christian (ekh-ris-tyanos) pan O \ M G / E pr# pi q/b c pi c wma me i the lamp O \ M G \ Int # to love . love Moslem (raem-ma-maet-yos) panagi a G the whole (world) panto krato r ( ac ) G like (em-ef-reeti em) of whole holiness pano rama G \ Int Almighty pi lampa( c ) (pi-kheebs) pi b al the body AA G \ Int \AA the eye panorama the lamp (pi-val) (maey) SPECIAL USAGE ]se p` hmo t* ( ` nto tk, ` nto] , ` nte ny/nou **) Thank you (sing. masc., sing. fem., plural) (tishaep-ehmot entotk, entoti, entaen-theenou ) ` nse p` hmot thanks ` mmo n ` hli (en-shaep-ehmot) ]hi r/n/ ( nak, ne , nwte n. ) oujai Peace to you. (ti-hireeni nak \ nae\ noataen ) = Bye-bye cheer you (ougay). sa rac ], c ar ac ] Do not mention. Emmon ehli "to reply" : See you tomorrow \ after tomorrow. qe n ouo ujai (sha rasti \ sarasti) ___________________________________________________________________ # newly introduced words,or words of Greek origin. G Greek, OG old Greek, MG modern Greek, AA used in colloquial Arabic Int internationally used . * ]se p` hmot is made of, ] pronoun for I se p a simple form of verb accept and ` hmot means grace or gift. ** ` ntot- is from hand (12) UNIT 3 (1) THE FEMININE NOUNS ] is the definite article for single feminine noun. There are two special definite articles , ~ t and ` y. ou is the indefinite article for singular feminine nouns, as much as it is the indefinite article for single masculine nouns. ]se ri the girl ]` c hi mi ]anz/b ]jom (ti-shaeri) the power ]ri the woman (ti-es-himi) the room ]so ur / the school (ti-anzeeb) the censer ]anavo ra the liturgy (ti-ana-fora) ]` tri ac ]agi a the lady saint ]parye no c ]o urw the queen (ti-agiy-ya) ]b wki ( ti-ou-roa ) ]e k` kl/c i a the church ti-ek-lee-siy-ya ]b w ` nalo li the vine ti-voa-en-aloli ` tve ` ymau the heaven the mother ]kaye dr a `tse r i ` yn/b (eth- mav) (13) (ti-ri) (ti-shouree) ( ti-et-riyas) the Virgin (ti partheanos) the slave - servant ]b aki (et-fae) the Trinity (ti-gom) (ti-voaki) the cathedral (kathaedra) the city (ti-vaki) the daughter - girl (et-shaeri) the lady (eth-neep) . (2) PLURAL NOUNS The definite article for plural nouns is NI . The indefinite article is HAN, for both masculine and feminine plural nouns. Most Coptic nouns do not change in plural . We understand the number we are dealing with, by the plural articles used. pi r wmi the man (pi-roami ) ni rwmi our wmi a man (ou-roami) hanr wmi pi ws the lesson (pi-oash) ouws a lesson ]se ri ouse r i ]r i our i (ou-oash) the men men ni ws the lessons hanws lessons the girl (ti- shaeri) ni se r i a girl (ou-shaeri ) hanse ri girls the rooms the room (ti-ri) ni r i a room (ou-ri) hanri the girls (ni-roami) (han-roami) (ni-oash) (han-oash) (ni-shaeri) (han-shaeri) (ni-ri) rooms (han-ri) the doors (ni-roa-ou) the mouths (ni-roa-ou) Some Coptic nouns change in the plural form. pi r o the door (pi-ro) pi r w the mouth (pi-roa) pi o ur o (pi-ou-ro) the king ni rwo u ni rwo u ni our wo u the kings (14) (ni-ou-roa-ou) pi i ar o pi ` e swtthe merchant ` vi wt the father pi b e lle pi alo u ni e so] pi-ae-shoat ni ye se u the blind (pi-vellae) the boy the heaven (pi-alou) the fathers (ni-ya-roa-ou) (ni-ae-shoti) (ni- yoti) the neighbours (ni-thae-shaev) ni b e lle u the blinds (ni-vel-laev) ni alwo u` i the boy (ni-alo-ou-wi) ni v/ou` i (et-fae) the rivers the merchants ni i o ] (efyoat) pi ye se the neighbour pi-thaeshae ` tve ni i ar wo u the river (pi-yaro) the heavens (ni-fee-ouw-wee) (3) NOUNS USED WITHOUT ARTICLES A - Some rare nouns do not take articles (definite or indefinite) . example is ame n] , which means hell ( a-men-ti ). B - Nouns made up of a verb and the relative pronoun and v/e t, y/e t n/e t do not usually take an article. v/e t who, whom The typical (fi-aet) for singular masculine singular y/e t who, whom (thi-aet) for n/e t who, whom (ni-aet) for plural of both genders (15) feminine v/e the mc i hi je n pi ` yr onoc . The one who sits \ is sitting on the throne y/e yo uab Mari a ( = (fi-aet haemsi hijaen pi-eth-ronos) y/e to uab , changing the t to y ) (the) Saint Mary (thi-aeth-ouw-wab mariy-ya) n/e tswni qe n pi lao c those who are sick ( = the sick ) in the people ( ni-aet shoani khaen pi-la-woc ) C - When a noun is associated with a familiar adjective like: any, every , no. ou ` n any he mc i hi je n ou ~ ntotc ` mpe r sar i ` e o u ` nalo u ni b e n Sit on any chair. (haem-si hijaen ou en tots) Do not hit any boy . (empaer shari ae ou en alou) every ` sl/l qe n e k` kl/c i a ni b e n Pray in every church (eshleel khaen aek-lee-siy-ya nivaen) kata hwb ni b e n ouon ` nt/i I have ` mmon jo m ` nt/i Ouo n nah] ` nt/i at every occasion ` mmo n ` nt/i I have no power I have faith. ( kata hoab nivaen ) I do not have ( emmon gom en-tee ) (ouon nahti entee) (16) GENERAL PRACTICE ni m pe pi rwmi v/e t` sl/l? Who is the man praying ? pi r wmi v/e t` sl/l pe pi o u/b . ni m te ]se ri y/e tc aji ]se ri y/e tc aji te ? The man praying is the priest. Who is the girl speaking ? ]se r i ` n ni ye se u. The girl speaking ( who speaks \ is speaking ) is the daughter of the neighbours. ]se ri y/e tc aji ouse r i ` n ni ye se u te . The girl speaking ( who speaks \ is speaking ) is a daughter of the neighbours. ni m ne ni r wmi n/e tc wte m ` e pi r adi o (#) ? Who are the men listening to the radio? nim nae niroami nee-aet soataem ae pi-radio ni r wmi n/e tc wte m ` e pi r adi o ne ni e so ] The men listening (who listen \ are listening ) to the radio are the merchants. ni r wmi n/e tc wte m ` e pi r adi o hane so] ne . The men listening to the radio are merchants. pi lao c ` n </mi oulao c ` n jwr i pe The people of Egypt is a strong people . ]se ri y/e te rhwb qe n pi /i ` nni ye se u, o ure mn` ,/mi te . The girl working (who works) in the neighbours' house is Egyptian (Coptic). # newly introduced word (17) ni totc n/e tqe n ]r i hantotc ` mb e r i ne . The chairs in (lit that in) the room are new (chairs). oum/s ` n ni jwm n/e t,/ e je n ]vo rsi , hanjwm ` n apac ne . Many of the books ( lit that are ) on the table are old books. RELIGIOUS APPLICATION ,e r e Mar i a ]o ur w ]b w ` nalo li ` n ate r qe llw. Peace (Hail) to you Mary, the queen, the ever young ( lit that does not age ) vine. (shaerae mareyya ti-ouroa ti-voa en aloli en at- aer- khelloa ) ,e r e ne Mar i a ` pc w] ` n Adam pe ni wt ,e r e ne Mari a ` ymau ` m pi ma` mvwt Peace to you O Mary the salvation of our father Adam, peace to you Mary the mother of the shelter . (shaerae nae mareyya epsoati en- adam paen- yoat, shaeraeh nae mareyya eth- mav em-pi-ma-em-foat ) ounof ` mmo Mar i a ]b wki * o uo h ]mau Rejoice O Mary the maiden and (the) mother.(ounof emmo mareyya ti-voaki ouwoh ti-mav) ` P[ oi c ` Vno u] ` ` nte ni jo m jo ust ` e b o l qe n tve The master, the God of (All) Powers look from heaven . (ep-choys efnouti entae ni-gom gousht aevol khaen etfae) * Some feminine names and adjectives differ from masculine ones. qe llwfem. old ( qe llo masc) (18) bwki fem. slave (bwk masc), ` mpe r e r ho] mo non nah] Do not be afraid just beleive. ( empaer aer-hoti monon nahti ) m/ vai pe pi amse ` ps/ri ` mMar i a o uo h ` pc o n ` nI akwb o c ? Is this the carpenter, the son of Mary and the brother of Jacob. ( mi fay paeh pi-amshae ep-sheeri em- mariy-ya ouw-woh epson en-yakoavos) pi e rve i ` n ]e k` kl/c i a o uma e fo uab pe . church is a holy place The sanctuary of the (pi-aerfaey aen ti-aekli-siy-ya ouma aef -ouw-wab pae) n/e tc e b twt ` e ]ounou ne m pi e ho ou ne m pi ab o t. Who were (kept) ready for the hour, the day and the month ( nee-aet-saev-toat ae ti- ou-nou naem pi-eho-ou naem pi-avot ) VOCABULARY ni m te who (*) is (singl. fem.) radi o (#int) jwr i strong ,e r e -,ai re radio (nim) pe (*) (tae) ne (radio) (goari) OG# for greeting is (singl. masc.) (*) are ( plural ) </mi e rhwb Egypt to work ,ai re te MG# (pae) (nae) (keemi) (aer-hoab) hello, good day ___________________________________________________________________ (*) pe (sing. masc.), te (sing.fem.) and ne are the descriptive form of verb to be, is, is, are (19) ,e r e hail - peace ( shaerae ) ,e r e ne peace to you (sing fem) qe llo old (sing. masc.) ( khello) e rqe llo to get old, age(aerkhello) qe llwold e rqe llw (sing. fem.) (khelloa) ate rqe llw(*) does not age - ever young (at-aer-khel-loa) c w] to save ` pc w] the salvation pe ni wt(**) our father (pen-yoat) vwt pi ma` mvwt the shelter pi-ma-em-foat pi ab o t ounof ` mmo e r ho] mo non OG\MG# (aer-hoti) only,merely (monon) pi nah] the belief the fear nah] to believe m/ vai pe ? is this? yai te this is (sing fem) (thay tae) nai ne pi amse the carpenter (pi-amshae) ni qe llo i c e b twt ` e these are ( nahti ) ( mee ) mee fay-pae (nay nae) the old people (ni-khelloy) ni ` c n/ou (pi-son) ( pi - hoti ) interrogative word this is (singl.masc.) (fay pae) the brother ( pi-avot ) the joy - happiness vai pe pi c on (ep-soati) the month pi ho ] m/ - faith (pi-nahti) (soati) to escape - take a shelter ` po uno f rejoice (ounof emmo) to be afraid to get old (for sing. fem) ready, prepared for ]o uno u ( saev-toat ae ) pi ` e ho ou the brothers ni-es-niy-you the hour ( ti-ounou ) the day ( pi-ae-ho-ou ) _______________________________________________________________________ * atarqe llw is a compound adjective made of at- = un- , e r - = to be or to do and qe llw old for single fem.nouns /adj. ** father pa-i wt my father pe k-i wtyour father (sing masc) pe n-i wtour (20) UNIT 4 PRESENT TENSES OF VERB A - Simple present : to describe a situation or action, or to state a fact. ] c wte m FIRST PERSON SINGULAR SECOND PERSON SINGULAR I hear, do hear ` k c wte m you hear, do hear (ti - soataem) (masculine) ( ek-soataem) te c wte m you hear, do hear ( feminine ) ( tae-soataem ) THIRD PERSON SINGULAR ~ ` F c wte m he ( or it *) hears, (sing masc) ` c c wte m FIRST PERSON PLURAL te n c wte m SECOND PERSON PLURAL te te n c wte m c e c wte m ( ef - soataem ) she ( or it *) hears, does hear (sing fem) THIRD PERSON PLURAL ( does ) hear we hear, do hear (aes -soa -taem) (taen-soataem) you hear , do hear ( plural ) (taetaen soataem) they hear, do hear (masc \ fem) ( sae - soataem ) * it , used in English for lifeless things does not exist . pe for he and te for she are used instead (21) B - Continuous present tense describes an action still happening. In Coptic it is also used for special adjective construction based on the past participle. e i c aji e kc aji e r e c aji I am speaking (aey saji ) you are speaking (singl.masc.) ( aek-saji ) you are speaking (singl. femin) (aerae saji) e fc aji he is speaking (aef saji) e c c aji she is speaking (aes saji) e nc aji we are speaking (aen saji) e r e te nc aji e uc aji you are speaking (plural masc\fem) they are speaking (plural masc\fem) (aeraetaen saji) (aev saji) RULES (1) Most Coptic verbs do not change in the various tenses i.e. the ends remain the same. The changes are confined to the subject pronouns. (2)The subject pronouns ], ` k, te , ` f, ` c , te n, te te n and c e for the pronouns e i , e k, e re , e f, e c , e n, the simple present and, e re te n and e u for the present continuous, indicate the subject(s) who carries out the action. Unlike the case in English, there are other subject pronouns for “ I, you, he, she,..etc, that are used independently. These are : anok I ` nyo you (sing.fem) (anok) (entho) ` nyok you ` nyof (22) he (sing.masc) (enthok) (enthof) ` nyoc she ` nywte n anon (enthos) you (plur) enthoataen ` ` ` ` we (anon) nywou they (plural) (enthoa-ou) Examples anok pe pi rwmi I am the man ` nyoc te ]se ri . She is the girl. anon ne ni re m` n,/mi We are the Egyptians (3) To negate a verb in the simple present or continuous present tense, an is added after the verb. ]c aji an “an ” means “not”. I do not speak . ` kc e b twt an You are not ready. te c woun an You do not know. ` fnah] an He does not believe. ` c ouws an She does not want . te nouwm an We do not eat . te te nka] an cecw an ( ti-saji an ) (ek-saev-toat an) ( tae-soa-oun an ) (ef-nahti an) (es-ouw-woash an) (taen-ouw-woam an) You (plural)do not understand They do not drink . e i he mc i an qe n ]ri (taetaen-kati an) (sae-soa an) I am not sitting in the room. ( aey-haem-si an khaen ti-ri ) (23) e fe rhwb an ` mvoou He is not working today. (aef-aer-hoab an em- fo- ou) e uc aji an ` n]ac pi ` nre m` n,/mi They are not speaking the Coptic language (aev-saji an en-ti-aspi en raem-en-keemi) (4) In English, pronouns can not be used in presence of nouns.Thus, we say “the boy speaks” or “he speaks” but, can not say “the boy he speaks”. In Coptic, pronouns are usually added to the verb in the presence of nouns.So we say pi alou ` fc aji , ]se ri ~ c c aji and ni rwmi c e c aji There are however examples where pronouns are not used in the presence of nouns e.g. ouoh pi koc moc c wte m e rwou "and the world listen to them". Accordingly, we may say pi alou c aji , ]se ri c aji ...etc GENERAL PRACTICE ni m te ]se ri y/e the mc i e c c aji ne m ni ye se u? Who is the girl sitting ,( and ) speaking with the neighbours ? ni m pe pi rwmi v/e the mc i e fc wte m e pi radi o ? Who is the man sitting ( and ) listening to the radio ? ni m ne ni alwou` i n/e t[oji qe n pi [wm e uje rje r ? Who are the boys running in the park ( and ) playing ? m/ ` kc aji ` n]ac pi ` nre m` n,/mi ? Do you speak the Coptic language? c e ]c aji ` n]ac pi ` nre m` n,/mi ouoh ]ac pi ` ` n arab ( on) . Yes , I speak the Coptic language and (also) the Arabic language. (24) ` mmon, ]c aji an ` n]ac pi ` nre m` n,/mi alla ]c aji ` n]ac pi ` n anjli k # (mod G) ouoh ]ka] ` mme toue i ni n. No, I do not speak the Coptic language but I speak the English language and I understand Greek. m/ Cami ` fme i ` e ouwm ` naf Does Sami like to eat meat or fish? i e te b t ? (mee Sami ef-maey ae ouw-woam en-af yae taebt) Cami ` fme i ` nhouo ` mpi af, alla kata c /ou ` fouwm ` nte b t . Sami prefers the meat but, every now and then, he eats fish. Pe troc ne m I r/ni c e [i c ak ` mpi pac ,a ` e ` sl/l qe n ]e k` kl/c i a ` n rouhi ni b e n. Petros and Ireeni take the opportunity of the “ Pass- over / Holy Week “ to pray in the church every evening. m/ Cte van ne m Markoc e uare h sa ]nou ? Are Stephan and Marcus studying until now ? RELIGIOUS APPLICATION ` nyok pe ` pouro ` nte ni ourwou I /c ouc de , e fmosi ` e c ke n You are the king of kings. ` vi om ` nte ]Gali le a. . . As Jesus was walking beside the sea of Gallilee, ... te nouwst ` mvnou] qe n ouho] ne m ouc ye rte r. We worship (lit the) God in awe (lit fear) and tremble (reverence) . (taen-ouw-woasht em-ef-nouti khaen ou-hoti naem ou-estaer-taer ) (25) hoc e nonq te n` c mou ` e pi ran e youab ` nte pe n[oi c ouoh pe nnou] ouoh pe nc wt/r I /c ouc pi ` <ri c toc So long we are living we bless the holy name of our Lord , God and saviour Jesus Christ . ( hos aen-onkh taen-esmou ae-pi-ran aeth-ouw-wab en- tae paen choys ouw-woh paen-nouti ouw-woh paen-soateer eesous pi-ekh-ristos ) i c je n ni ` e hoou ` nte I wann/c pi re f]wmc sa e qoun ` e ]nou ]me touro ` nte ni v/oui c e [i ( ` mmoc *) ` njonc From (since) the days of John the Baptist until now, the kingdom of heaven is taken ( lit . they take it c e [i mmoc ) forcefully . ( isjaen ni-eho-ou entae yoa-an-nees pi-raefti-oams sha aekhoun ae tinou timaet-ouro entae ni-fi-ouw-wi sae-chi emmos en-gons) anok oure mraus ouoh ]ye b i /out I am gentle and humble. ]me touro ` nte e fkw] ` nc a ` nourwmi ni v/ou` i ` hananam/i ` e nane u ` c oni ` ne swt The kingdom of heaven is like a merchant man looking for fine pearls . ( ti-maet-ouro entae nifi-ouw-wi es-oni en-ou- roami en aeshoat aef-koati ensa han-anamee ae-nanaev ) n/e tjor c e e r,ri a an ` mpi c /i ni Those who are strong do not need (the) doctor _______________________________________________________________________ *~ mmoi , ` mmok, ` mmo , ` mmof , ` mmoc .. are object pronouns, meaning me, you, you, him (it) ]c woun ` mmok I her (it) ..eg know you . ]me i ` mmof I love him. (26) VOCABULARY [oji to run je rje r pi [wm the garden ]ac pi the language (choji) to play (jaer-jaer) re m` narab i a Arabic (raem-en-aravia) Arab ac *G Arab (masc) (aravas) Arab Arab i a (pi-choam) (ti aspi) Arab ( adjective . noun) Arab land (aravya) Arab i a ` nRe mc woudSaudi Arabia Aggli a*G Re m` naggli a# . Anjli k# English (raem-en-anglia) (anglik) Oue i ni n Greek (ou-wey-nin) England (ang-lya) me toue i ni n Greek language ka] me i to understand (kati) to love pi te b t (maey) ka] ( p) n pi af undersanding the meat the fish (pi-taebt) me i ` nhou` o the increase (pi-hou-o) e rhou` o (pi-af) to prefer maey enhou-o pi hou` o to increase (aer- hou-o) pi c /ou the time (pi-siy-you) kata c /ou sometimes (kata siy-you) kata*OG /MG [i c ak according (kata) take the opportunity chi - sak pac ,a( pi ) rouhi) Holy week of paskha pi rouhi the evening (pi- ]nou now (ti-nou) e c ke n next to - along (aeskaen) pi ho] e rho] (pi-hoti) the fear to be afraid ( aer- hoti) pi ` c ye rte r hoc the tremble (pi-estaer-taer) *OG as long as (hos) __________________________________________________________________ #Aggli a from Angles, german people settled in East Britain in 5th century. Re maggli a , English, (re m) related to, aggli a. Anjli k, Engish , for simplification. (27) oc o # MG as long as - as far as (oso) oc oc # MG (oankh) pi wnq as much \ as many as wnq ( onq) to live the life (pi- oankh) i c je n since pi ` e hoou (is-jaen) the day (pi- eho-ou) ]wmc to baptise sa e qoun e (ti-oams) re f]wmc until (sha aekhoun ae) Baptist ( raef-ti-oams) [i ` njonc to take by ye b i /out humble (thaevee- force re mraus gentle (raem-ravsh) out) ye b i o me touro( ]) to be humble - humiliate kingdom (maet- ouro) ` oni to be like (oni) kw] to go round - surround ` m` pkw] for around (em-ep-koati) kw] ` nc a to look for -search anam/i OG(paerl) - diamond (anamee) n/e tjor those who are strong e nane u fine - good ae-nanaev e r` ,ri a G to need (aer-ek- riya) ],ri a-~ ,re i a sat need O\MG to need - be in need (shat) pi c /i ni the doctor ]me tc /i ni (pi-seeni) medicine (maet- seeni) IMPORTANT USAGE NANE good . fine nane e masw , very good nane rouhi good evening nane toou` i good morning qe n ouc /ou ` e nane f in good time (28) ourwmi ` e nane f * good man ouse ri ` e nane c * a good girl hanalwou` i ` e nane u* good boys pe ynane f goodness - kindness ( agayon) G goodness - kindness e rpe ynane f to do what is good c ai ` e *(sing. masc.)beautiful say-ae (say-ee) c ai ` /* (sig. fem.) beautiful c ai ` e u ? * plural c ai ` e b al beautiful say-aev of beautiful eyes NOFRI nice .good. full of goodness nofri e jwrh nofri ` e hoou aeho-ou e rnofri ` c e rnofri an good night good day nofri to be of use - good \ earn It is no good . It does not work. of no use ` c e rnofri ` e he mc i It is better to sit `c e rnofri an ` e It is better not to kata pe te rnofri if suitable, if reasonable (lit according to what is good). nofri sai greeting exchanged in feasts (happy feast) nofri rompi ne m I /c ouc , nofri rompi ne m I /c ouc Happy yaer with Jesus (four times) , singing in birthdays . _______________________________________________________ * note how some adjectives do change according to their number and gender. nane f , nane c and nane u is good for sing.masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively. And c ai ` e , c ai ` / and (c ai ` e u?) beautiful for sing. masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively. And c ab e , c ab / and c ab e u wise for sing.masc., sing. fem. and plural respectively. (29) UNIT 5 VERBS OF BEING, LINK VERBS ( 1 ) The common verb “to be” is incomplete because it needs to be followed by a completing word, called a complement, e.g. The sky is blue. Here the “sky” is a subject, “is” is the link verb that requires completion, and “blue” is a complement. A- Descriptive verb “to be” in Coptic: pe anok pe pi rwmi . “is” for sing. masculine I am the man. te “is” for sing. feminine ne “are” for plural `nyoc te ]mau. She is the mother. `nywou ne ni ou/b They are the priests. ou or han When the complement has the indefinite article the descrip.verb is generally placed at the end of the sentence. anok ourwmi pe . I am a man ` nyoc oumau te She is a mother ` nywou hanou/b ne ne . . . . . . . . pe (anok ou-roami pae) they are priests = WAS , (enthos ou-mav tae) (en-thoa-ou han-ouw-weeb nae) the descriptive verb to be in the past . WERE ne ]vrw pe It was winter. (nae ti-ef-roa-pae ) (30) Pe troc ne ourwmi ` nswi j pe Petros was a courageous man. ( petros nae ou-roami en shoayg pae) ne ` e nane c ` e masw pe . (She) was very nice. (nae ae-nanaes ae-mashoa pae) ne ouon ouanz/b ` mnai pe There was a school here. (nae ou-on ou-anzeeb em-nay pae) ne ` mmon ` hli ( pe ) ` mmau There was no body (there). (nae em-mon eh-li pae em-mav) B- Verb “to be” expressing position or location , in Coptic : e f,/ - e fsop e c ,/ - e c sop e u,/ - e usop is ( present, located), for sing. masc. (aef-kee - aef-shop) is (present, located), for sing. fem. are (present, located), for plural * `f,/, ` c ,/, c e ,/ and (aes-kee - aes-shop) (aev-kee - aev-shop) ` fsop, ` c sop, c e sop can also be used, but not as often. pi rwmi e f,/ ( e fsop) qe n pi /i . The man is in the house. ]e k` kl/c i a e c ,/ ( e c sop) qe n }mi ` nhour (present-situated) in Damanhour. The church is ti-aek-liciy-ya aes-kee\(aes-hop) khaen timi- en-hoor (31) ni jwm e u,/ ( e usop) hi je n ] vorsi . The books are on the table. pi ke le ui n ` f,/ qa ` ynouni ` nni ss/ The axe is at the root of the trees. (pi-kaelaevin efkee kha eth-nouni en-ni-esh-sheen ) The past tense of e f,/ , e c ,/ and e u,/ is naf,/ , nac ,/ and nau,/, meaning WAS and WERE (present, located). The same applies for e fsop, e c sop and e usop, the past form of which is nafsop, nac sop and nausop. It should be noted that the past form of verb to be expressing position can to be followed by pe , as noted in the past tense of the descriptive verb ‘to be’. pi alou naf,/f ` mmau pe . The boy was there. ]e kkl/c i a nac ,/ qe n ` ym/] ` n]b aki pe . in the middle of the city . The church was (ti-aek-lee-siy-ya nas-kee khaen aeth- meeti en ti- vaki pae) ( 2 ) Other link verbs are: to seem and to become. These are sometimes called verbs of being, because verbs of this kind have the same basic meaning as the verb to be. Furthermore, and like verb to be, they must have an object to make sense. It is not possible to say “ He became ” without completing the sentense. ` c ouwnh ( je ) ` fje rje r ` nte ni c It seems (that) he plays tennis. ` c ouwnh ( je ) ` c ka] an ` n]me tre m` n,/mi . It seems (that) she does not understand Coptic. ( es-ou-woanh jae es-kati an en-ti-maet - raem - en - keemi ) (32) pi ou/b ` fouwnh je oure m` n,/mi pe . The priest seems to be Coptic. ]c /i ni ` c ouwnh je e c ye b i /out. The (lady) doctor looks humble er prefix , added to a noun or adjective to mean to do or to be.eg c ab e wise, e rc ab e to be wise and hwb work, e rhwb to work. ` f[i ` c b w ` mme tc /i ni ` e e r ouc /i ni . He studies medicine to ( ef-chi-esvoa em-maet-seeni ae aer become a doctor. ou-seeni) mpe re r c oj. Do not be ( act as ) stupid. (em-paer aer- sog) c e e r pi e jwrh e uc omc ` e pi te le b i zi on # ( te le nau# G-C ) They spend the night watching TV. (sae aer-pi-aegoarh aev-soms ae pitaelae- viz-yon : taelae-nav ) te ne r pi ansasf ` mpac ,a qe n We spend the week of paskha in (taenaer pi-an-shashf em-paskha khaen ti-aek-lee-siy-ya ) ni jwm c e e r-apac ` n,wle m. ]e k` kl/c i a. the church. The books become (get) old quickly. swpi has many meanings, one of these is “ to be “ or “ become “. swpi ` nyo e re c omc ` e jwn Be watchful upon us. swpi ` nc ab e ouoh c wte m ` e ]c m/ ` mVnou Be wise and listen to the voice of God. (Shoapi en savae ouw-woh soataem ae ti-es-mee em-efnooti ) swpi e kka] ` e pi anti di koc Be understanding to the adversary. ( shoapi aek-kati ae pi-antithikos ) (33) ac *swpi me ne nc a ` hme ` n` e hoou It happened , after forty days. o uo n .. pe there is (as-shoapi maenaen-sa ehmae en-eho-ou ) ne ouon . . pe there was ouon ourwmi pe e te rhwb qe n ouman]vaqri . There is a man who works in a pharmacy ( ou-on ou-roami pae aet-aerhoap khaen ou manti-fakhri) ne ouon ouse ri pe ` e pe c ran pe Cali . There was a girl whose name is Sally. sali ) ( nae ouon ou-shaeri pae ae paes-ran pae _________________________________________________________________ (*) Past tense : ai c wte m I heard, ak c wte m, you (sing. masc.) heard, are c wte m you (sing. fem.) heard, af c wte m he heared , ac c wte m she heard, an c wte m we heard , are te n c wte m you heard (plur), au c wte m they heard ac (for the past) and ` c (for the present) can indicate the weather or an ill-defined subject: ` c e rjaf It is cold. ` c ouwnh e b o l it seems ac swpi It happened. (34) RELIGIOUS APPLICATION ` nywte n pe ` vouwi ni ` mpi koc moc . You are the light of the world. ` mmon ` sjom ` nte * oub aki ,wp e c ,/ hi je n outwou. ( emmon eshgom entae ou- A city ( present - situated ) on a hill cannot be hidden. vaki koap aes-kee hijaen ou-toa-ou ) Vai ne ouar,/te lwn/c pe ouoh ne ourama` o pe . He (this) was a chief tax collector and was rich.( nae archi-taeloanees pae ouwoh en ou-ramao pae) Nẁ e de naf,/ qe n c oou se ` nrompi . Noah was (in) six hundred years(old). noa-ae thae naf-kee khaen so-ou shae en-roampi Nẁ e ne ourwmi ` nym/i pe . Noah was a righteous man . ni ` e b olqe n ` vnah]: nai ne ni s/ri ` nAb raam (Those) from (= of) the faith, (these) are the sons of Abraham. nai e te pou**hou` o sop sa ` e qoun ` e ]nou most of whom are still living (lit These whom ,their majority present) until now. ne ouon ourwmi e fsop qe n Bab ulwn:` e pe fran ** pe I waki m. There was a man ( present - living) in Babylon, whose name is Iowakim (naehou-on ouroami aefshop khaen vaviloan ae paefran pae yo-wakim) pai r/] ` nywte n pi I c ra` /l. That Israel. hanc oj qa ne n( = ni ) s/ri ` m way you are (omitted in this verse) stupid, O sons of ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ *` mmon ` sjom not possible ]b aki ` nte f- a city to- ,wp to hide = ` nte ]b aki ,wp **pa ran , pe k ran, pe ran, pe f ran , pe c ran, pe n ran, pe te n ran, pou ran my name, your name, your name (sing. fem.) , his name, her name, our name, their name. (35) afswpi ( n/i *) ` n ouc wt/ri a. He became {past tense} a salvation for me*. Dani /l de afe r ouni s] ` mpe ` myo ` mpi laoc . Daniel became \ was {past tense**} great before (lit in front ) the people . ne ouon oub e lle pe e fsatme ynai . A blind man was e fhe mc i qate n pi mwi t sitting by the road begging. pi wmc ` nte I wann/c ne ou ` e b olqe n ni rwmi pe ? John`s Baptism, was it from men ? Te n` e mi an je ou ` e b olywn. (` e b olywn means “from where”; “it was” ouoh naf,/ ` mmau He was there until the end of Herod. eerodees ) ` mpe rwrk ` ntve je pi ` I e roc al/m je ` yb aki ` ` mpe rwrk ` nte kave je oukap ` nfwi ` nouwb s i e pe We do not know where it was from. is omitted in the Coptic verse .) sa ` tqae ` n?rod/c (ouw-woh naf-kee em-mav pae sha et-kha-ae en yronoc ` mVnou] pe , ou de mpi ni s] ` nouro te , ou de ` mmon ` sjom ` mmok*** ` e e r ouai ` n,ame . Do not swear by heaven for it is God`s throne, or by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the Great King, and do not swear by your head, for you cannot make one thread of hair white or black. __________________________________________________________________ *n/i , nak, ne , naf , nac , nan , nwte n , nwou for me, for you, for you, for him, for her, for us, for them. ** ai , ak, are , af , ac . . subject pronouns for verbs in the past.*** ` mmoi , ` mmok. ` mmo . ` mmof , ` mmoc , ` mmon , . .object pronouns, me, you, you, him, her, us .... (36) VOCABULARY swi j ( ]) me tswi courageous-hero (shoayg) ( ]) ` vrw winter j courage ( pi ) h/ne vrw (efroa) autumn hee-en- ef. ( pi ) swm ouon (shoam) there is \ are (ou-on) ne ouon there was \ were (anzeeb) re m` anz/b (em-nay) `mmau ( ]) anz/b ` mnai ( pi ) h/nswm summer school here ` hli thing spring heen-sh. pupil - student there (em - mav) ` mmon ` hli (ehli) nae o. nothing - no body ( pi ) jwm book ( ]) vorsi table ( pi ) ke le b i n (pi-goam) (forshi) axe man,ajwm #C-C book case ( ]) trape za# O\MG-AA (kaelaevin) ( ]) nouni table root - origin (nooni) ( pi ) ` ss/n tree ( ]) m/] (esheen) middle (ti - ( pi ) ]mi town meeti) ( ]) b aki (timi) city (vaki) ouwnh to seem - appear (ouwoanh) je rje r ouwnh ` e b ol to express - confess ( pi ) ouwnh e b ol [i ` c b w to play (jaer-jaer) qe n ououwnh e b ol openly expression - show (of gratitude or thanks) - confession to study c oj (chi-aesvoa) stupid (sog) #c-c compound Coptic word, made of ma place , ,a to put, jwm books . (37) ( pi ) e jwrh c omc night to watch - regard (soms) apac ( ]) me tc ab e c ab e wise (savae) ( ]) c ab / wise feminine ( ]) ` c m/ voice anti di koc ( pi ) e hoou ( pi ) ansasf (pi-aegoarh) `hme day (apas) wisdom after (menaensa) forty (ehmae) ( pi ) ou` wi ni (eho - ou) (mets.) wise {plural} (savaev) me ne nc a *O\M Gk opponent - adversary anshashf old c ab e u (esmee) week light (ou- oay-ni) ( pi ) koc moc #O\MG universe - world ,wp to hide (koap) ( pi ) twou hill - mountain (toa-ou) ar,/-ar,i te lwn/c ( arshee / arkhee - arshi / arkhi) te loc c oou OG tax collector teloanees # MG tax - duty six ( ]) rompi year #G (taelos) ar,/te lwn/c (so-ou) se (rompi) chief tax officer hundred ` ym/i head - chief righteous (shae) (ethmee) ( pi ) hou` o majority \\ excess `mpe ` myo hou-o in front - before empae- emtho ( ]) c wt/ri laoc a*O\MG salvation MG # O\M G people-multitude-masses ( pi ) mwi t way - road (moayt) ( pi ) wmc baptism ` e b olywn where from (aevol-thoan) ni s] safety - security soati-riya great - large qate n (oams) e mi (nishti) at (khataen) to know - be aware ( ]) qa` e (aemi) end (kha- ae) ( pi ) ` yronoc wrk O\M G\Int throne ethronos to swear (oark) (38) ( ]) ` ave head (afae) av/ou` i heads (afee-ouw- we) e r` ave be - become the head \ chief ( pi ) kap thread - fibre ( kap) ( pi ) fwi hair (foay) ouwb s white (ou- oabsh) ouai (masc) ouway ou` i ,ame (fem) ou-e one black (kamae) ouon ` sjom ` m\`n ` mmon ` sjom ` m\`n possible - can be (ou-on eshgom em \ en) cannot be done - impossible emmon eshgom em/en IMPORTANT USAGE ou ` e b olywn pe ` nyok \ te ` nyo from ? ? Where are you ]` e b ol qe n Rako] I am from Alexandria. ]` e b ol qe n Ame ri k/ te . I am from America, , anok oure mame ri k/ pe / MG \ Int # I am American. m/ ` nyok / ` nyo ou ` e b olqe n Kanada ? Are you from Canada? e k,/ \ e re ,/ qe n ou ` nrompi ? How old are you ? ` ke r \ te e r ou/r ` nrompi ? How old are you ? e i ,/ qe n m/](*) `nrompi . I am ten years old. ]e r ` hme ` nrompi . I am forty years old. _________________________________________________________________ *Numbers fron one (ouai masc., ou` ding to the gender. Since ]rompi i fem.) to ten (m/t masc., m/] fem) differ accor- , the year, is feminine, the fem. number m/] is used. (39) ni m pe ` nyok \ ni m te ` nyo ? ` nyok pe Mark ? pe kran pe Mark ? ` mmon, anok an pe Mark. Paran pe Pe troc Who are you ? Are you Mark ? Is your name Mark? No, I am not Mark. My name is Peter anok pe pi c /i ni . anok te ]noc okom.modG # I am the doctor \ I am the nurse. anok ouc /i ni pe . anok ounoc okom te . I am a doctor. I am a nurse. as pe pe kran \ pe ran ? paran pe Cami \ Cami a. What is your name ? or paran Cami \ Cami a pe . My name is Sami / Samya . c e mou] e rok* \ e ro * je ou? What is your name ?(lit.,what do they call you / what are you called?) c e mou] e roi (*) je Cami \ Cami a. My name is Sami \ Samya. (lit I am called / they call me ) ________________________________________________________ * E has many meanings, and in this case it acts as an object pronoun for the verb mou]. The dealing is e roi me, e rok you, e ro you (fem), e rof him, e roc her, e ron us, e rwte n you (plural) and e rwou them. Revise object signs pages 6, 7 and the dealing of the other object sign ` m pages 26, 36. # noc okom , modified from modern Greek noc okomoc and noc okoma (40)