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1|Page International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(3): May-June 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES Bio IMPACT FACTOR 1.89*** ICV 5.13*** Research Article ……!!! Sciences EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND HERBAL TOOTHPASTES ON DENTAL ISOLATES J.Victoria* and N.Senbagam PG and Research Department of Microbiology and a Division of Biotechnology, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College, Mannargudi – 614 001. Tamil Nadu, India. KEYWORDS: ABSTRACT Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, Chemical Toothpaste, Herbal In the present study, dental caries pathogens were isolated from infected persons. The dental organisms were identified based on Toothpaste. For Correspondence: J.Victoria* Address: PG and cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The isolated colonies were confirmed as Streptococcus mutans and Research Department of Lactobacilli. The different herbal toothpastes viz Babool, Vicco, Microbiology and a Neem,Herbpo, Namboodiris, Himalaya, Dabur red and chemical Division of Biotechnology, toothpastes viz Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive, Sengamala Thayaar pepsodent, Closeup, Sensodent K, Anchor were tested against the Educational Trust dental isolates by well diffusion method. Women’s College, Mannargudi – 614 001. Tamil Nadu, India. E- Mail: [email protected] om Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 2|Page International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection usually bacterial in origin that causes demineralization of the hard tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum) and destruction of the organic matter of the tooth, usually by production of acid by hydrolysis of the food debris accumulated on the tooth surface. If demineralization exceeds saliva and other remineralization factors such as from calcium and fluoridated toothpastes, these tissues progressively break down, producing dental caries (cavities, holes in the teeth). Two groups of bacteria are responsible for initiating caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. If left untreated, the disease can lead to pain, tooth loss and infection. Today, caries remains one of the most common diseases throughout the world. Cariology is the study of dental caries. Tooth decay is caused by specific types of acid-producing bacteria that cause damage in the presence of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose (Hardie, 1982). The mineral content of teeth is sensitive to increases in acidity from the production of lactic acid. To be specific, a tooth (which is primarily mineral in content) is in a constant state of back-and-forth demineralization and remineralization between the tooth and surrounding saliva. For people with little saliva, especially due to radiation therapies that may destroy the salivary glands, there also exists remineralization gel. These patients are particularly susceptible to dental caries. When the PH at the surface of the tooth drops below 5.5, demineralization proceeds faster than remineralization (Rogers, 2008). MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of sample: Dental swabs were collected from the persons infected with dental caries. The sterile cotton swab was rubbed on the surface of the infected teeth. The collected dental swab was immediately brought to laboratory for the isolation of bacteria. Isolation and identification of bacterial strains and growth medium: Blood agar medium and LB agar medium was prepared and it was poured on to the sterile petriplates. After solidification, the dental swab was spreaded on to the plates. The uninoculated plates were maintained as a control. The plates were incubated at 37º C for 24 hours for isolation of bacteria.The growth obtained was identified on the basis of colonial characters morphology by gram staining (Christain Gram 1884) and various bio chemical tests following standard procedures. Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion method. Petriplates containing 50ml of Mueller Hinton Agar medium were seeded with a 24 hrs cultures of the bacterial strains. Wells were cut into agar and toothpaste were tested in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The plates were than kept in refrigerator for 15 minutes to allow diffusion and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. The assessment Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 3|Page International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 of antibacterial activity was based on the measurement of the diameter of inhibition zone formed around the well. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Toothpaste play a major role in dental caries. This dental caries depends on the attachment of organism in the tooth. The present study was designed to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen from infected person and to study the antibacterial activity of different chemical tooth paste viz Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive, Pepsodent, Close up, Sensodent K, Anchor and Herbal tooth pastes viz Babool, Dabur red, Himalaya, Namboodiris, Neem, Vicco, Herbpo. Effect of chemical toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus On Streptococcus mutans, colgate showed the maximum activity (25±0.816) followed by sensodent K(18.3±1.556 ),Pepsodent(16.3±1.247),colgate active salt and close up (14.6±0.476) then , anchor (12.6 ±0.476 ) and Colgate sensitive (12 ±0.816 ). On Lactobacillus, Colgate showed the maximum activity(19.6±0.0476) followed by pepsodent(19.3±0.472), close up(18 ±0.816 ),pepsodent( 19.3 ±0.472 ), colgate active salt (15.3±1.7) and then, anchor (17.3±0.472). No activity was observed for sensodent K. Among the chemical toothpastes studied colgate showed maximum activity and minimum activity was observed for colgate sensitive against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus(Table 1 and 2). Effect of herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus The herbal toothpastes Neemshowed maximum activity (19.6 ±0.476),followed by Babool(19±0.816),Himalaya(17.6±0.476)Vicco(17.6±1.248),Daburred(17.3±0.943),Herbpo(16.6±0. 945 )and minimum activity by Namboodiris (15.3±0.472 ) against Streptococcus mutans. On Lactobacillus, Herbpo showed maximum activity (26.3±0.94) followed by Himalaya(24.3±0.472 ), Namboodiris(22.3 ±0.943),Neem (20±1.414), Vicco(19.6±0.476), Dabur red( 18±1.632 ) and Babool( 17.6±0.476 ) (Table 1 and 2). Among the herbal toothpastes studied Neem showed maximum activity against Streptococcus mutans and Herbpo showed higher efficiency on Lactobacillus. Though the chemical toothpastes controlled the growth of the dental isolates effectively, they have side effects due to the presence of triclosan and some other chemicals. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 4|Page International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 Table 1 Antibacterial activity of Herbal and Chemical toothpastes against streptococcus mutans S.NO Tooth paste 1 Herbal Toothpaste 2 Chemical Toothpaste Brand Diameter of the inhibition zone(mm) Babool Dabur Red Himalaya Namboodiris Neem Vicco Herbpo Colgate Colgate active salt Colgate sensitive Pepsodent Closeup Sensodent K Anchor 19±0.816 17.3±0.94 17.6±0.476 15.3±0.472 19.6±0.476 17.6±1.248 16.6±0.945 25±0.816 14.6±0.476 12±0.816 16.3±1.247 14.6±0.476 18.3±1.556 12.6±0.476 Values are triplicate and represented as mean ± standard deviation Table 2 Antibacterial activity of Herbal and Chemical toothpastes against Lactobacilli S.NO Tooth paste 1 Herbal Toothpaste 2 Chemical Toothpaste Brand Diameter of the inhibition zone(mm) Babool Dabur Red Himalaya Namboodiris Neem Vicco Herbpo Colgate Colgate active salt Colgate sensitive Pepsodent Closeup Sensodent K Anchor 17±0.476 18±1.632 24.3±0.472 22.3±0.943 20±1.414 19.6±0.476 26.3±0.943 19.6±0.476 15.3±1.7 14.3±0.943 19.3±0.472 18±0.816 -17.3±0.472 Values are triplicate and represented as mean ± standard deviation. Endogenous bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp) in the biofilm (dental plaque) produce weak organic acids as metabolic by products of fermentable carbohydrates. The acids would cause local PH to fall below a critical value resulting in demineralization of the tooth tissue (Featherstone et al.,2004 ). The results of a three year clinical trial of root caries and dental crowns among adults showed a statistically significant difference for root caries and dental crown failure scores, both favoring the colgate. Total toothpaste when compare to a control toothpaste which contain only sodium fluoride (Vered et al., 2009). In the present study, dental caries pathogens were isolated from infected persons. The dental organisms were identified based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 5|Page International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 isolated colonies were confirmed as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. The different herbal toothpastes viz Babool, Vicco, Neem,Herbpo, Namboodiris, Himalaya, Dabur red and chemical toothpastes viz Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive, pepsodent, Closeup, Sensodent K, Anchor were tested against the dental isolates by well diffusion method. Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli were quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zone and their zones diameter. Among this, herbal toothpastes showed the highest resistance capacity on Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacilli when compared with chemical toothpastes. Natural products are safer and cost effective when compared with synthetic chemicals. Usage of herbal products may increase the shelflife of any material including teeth. So herbal toothpastes can be used as an alternative to chemical one having adverse side effects on teeth and other parts of our body. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: Researches are thankful to our college sengamala Thayaar educational trust and women’s college for providing laboratory and library facilities to carry out this study. REFERENCES: 1. Carlsson, J., (1989).Microbiology Of Plaque Associated Periodontal Disease. Text book of clinical periodontology.19 :765. 2. Cate, A.R., Ten. In:"Oral Histology: development, structure, and function." 5th edition, 1998, 417 ISBN 0-8151-2952-1. 3. Choksey,K.M., (1953). In: Dentistry in ancient india first edition, Popular book depot, Bombay 10 : 34 -36. 4. Cimasoni, G., (1983). Cervicular fluid. Oral science12: 135-138. 5. Dawes,C., (2003). "What is the critical pH and why does a tooth dissolve in acid?". J Can Dent Assoc 69 (11) : 722– 724. 6. Dicks, L.M.T., M. Silvester, P.A. Lawson, M.D. Collins (2000). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (Society for General Microbiology) 50 (3): 1253– 1258. 7. Featherstone,J.D.,(2004) The continuum of dental caries-evidence for a dynamic disease process. J Dent ros. 83 :39-42. 8. Vered, Y., Zini, A., Mann, J., et al(2009) comparision of a dentrifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride,0.3% triclosan, and 2.0% copolymer in a silica base and a dentrifrice containing 0.243%sodium fluoride in a silica base. A three year clinical trial of root caries and Dental crowns among adults. J.Clin Dent. 20 (2) :62-65. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com