Download World History 1500 to Present

World History 1500 to Present
SOL Review
1-3
By 1500, major states and empires had
developed around the world.
• Ottoman
Empire
• Persia
• China
• Mughal
• Songhai
Empire
• Japan
• Inca
• Aztec
European empires 1500
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England
France
Spain
Russia
Ottoman
Empire
The Renaissance
• Intellectual and artistic ideas from the Renaissance
marked the beginning of the modern world.
• Renaissance
– “Rebirth” of
classical
knowledge, “birth”
of the modern
world
– Spread of the
Renaissance from
the Italian citystates to northern
Europe
Contributions of the Renaissance –
Visual Arts
Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Contributions of the Renaissance
• Literature (sonnets, plays, essays):
Shakespeare
• Intellectual ideas:
– Humanism: Focuses on secular human concerns
instead of the church
– Erasmus: The Praise of Folly. Criticized the Church
and wanted to reform it.
Spread of Major Religions
1500:
• Judaism—Europe and the
Middle East
• Christianity—Europe and
the Middle East
• Islam—Parts of Asia,
Africa, and southern
Europe
• Hinduism—India and part
of Southeast Asia
• Buddhism—East and
Southeast Asia
1500: Regional Trade linking Europe,
Asia, and Africa
• Silk roads across Asia to
Mediterranean basin
• Maritime routes across
the Indian Ocean
• Trans-Saharan routes
across North Africa
• Northern European links
with the Black Sea
• Western European sea
and river trade
• South China Sea and
lands of Southeast Asia
• Why were the regional trading
patterns important?
– Exchange of products and ideas
Eastern inventions
• Major technological and scientific exchanges
in the Eastern Hemisphere.
– Advancements exchanged along trade routes
• Paper, compass, silk, porcelain (China)
• Textiles, numeral system (India and Middle East)
• Scientific transfer—Medicine, astronomy, mathematics
Reformation: Early Reformers
• Dissenters prior to Luther
– Huss: Priest, spoke against the Church, burned at the
stake
– Wycliffe: Wanted Bible written in vernacular
Causes of Protestant Reformation:
• Merchant wealth challenged Church’s view of usury
(loaning $ w/ interest)
• German and English nobility disliked Italian
domination of the Church
• Catholic Church had great
political power and wealth
• Church corruption and the sale
of indulgences (buying
forgiveness for sins) were
widespread
Important People of the Reformation:
• Martin Luther:
• John Calvin: Calvinism
Lutheranism
• Views—Predestination,
• Views—Salvation by
show faith by living
faith, Bible is ultimate
righteously & good
authority, all humans
works
equal before God
• Actions—95 theses, birth
of the Protestant Church
Reformation in England - Anglican
• King Henry VIII:
• Divorced
• Broke with Roman
Catholic Church and
started national church
in England (Anglican
Church)
• Took lands and $$ from
Catholic Church in
England
• Queen Elizabeth I:
• Tolerance for dissenters
• Expansion and
colonialism
• Victory over the
Spanish Armada (1588)
– Tried to invade England
Reformation in Germany - 30 Years War
• Princes in Northern
Germany converted to
Protestantism.
• The Hapsburg family and
the authority of the Holy
Roman Empire remained
Roman Catholic.
• Conflict between
Protestants and Catholics
resulted in devastating wars
(Thirty Years’ War).
Reformation in France –
Huguenots/Edict of Nantes
• Catholic monarchy granted
Protestant Huguenots
(French Calvinists) freedom
of worship by the Edict of
Nantes (later revoked).
• Cardinal Richelieu changed
the focus of the Thirty Years’
War from a religious to a
political conflict
– Switched focus of the war
from Catholic v. Protestant to
nationalism v. Hapsburg
empire
Counter/Catholic Reformation
• Counter Reformation, period of Catholic revival
– The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and
practice.
• The Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) was founded to
spread Catholic doctrine around the world.
• Inquisition: courts to reinforce Catholic doctrine.
Changing values, traditions &
philosophies during Reformation:
• Power in most European states was concentrated
in the monarch
• Growth of secularism
• Growth of individualism: individual relationships
w/ God and individual interpretations of belief
• At first the Reformation divided the countries of
Europe on religious principles, leading to religious
intolerance
– Eventual growth of religious tolerance
Printing Press spreads new ideas:
• Growth of literacy was stimulated by the
Gutenberg printing press.
• Bible was printed in English, French, & German.
• Spread the ideas of the Reformation and
Renaissance.