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Anu Chaudhary et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (2)| 539-545
Madhuca Indica J. F. Gmel. (Sapotaceae): An Overview
Anu Chaudhary*1, Anil Bhandari2, A.Pandurangan3, Sameksha Koul1
1
Department of Pharmacy Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur, By-Pass road, Meerut-250103, India
2
Jodhpur pharmacy college, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, 3M.M.College of Pharmacy, M. M. University, Mullana,
Ambala, Haryana 133207
ABSTRACT
The plant Madhuca indica (M. indica) belonging to family Sapotaceae has great importance in Ayurvedic, Sidhha
and Unani systems of traditional medicine. Thorough screening of literature available on M. indica depicted the
fact that it is a popular remedy among the various ethnic groups, Ayurvedic and traditional practitioners for treatment of various ailments. Extensive studies show presence of fatty acids, sapogenins, sugars, triterpenoids steroids,
saponins, Flavonoids and glycosides. M. indica is reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antiulcer, antihyperglycaemic activity, antinociceptive and antidiarrhoeal activities. This
work gives an overview of the phytochemical and pharmacological evidence of M. indica. Although more studies
are necessary to explore the therapeutic potential of this plant as, it has more therapeutic properties which are not
known.
activities, and highlight their potentials as candidates for
new drugs that may be of value in the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
Botanical Description
Madhuca indica is ever green or semi ever green tree. It
attains height up to 70 ft. The tree matures and starts
bearing 8 to 15 years, and fruits upto 60 years. Leaves are
10-30 centemeter long. Leaves are thick and leathery
most of leaves pointed at the tip. Flowers are small and
fleshy. flowers are dull or pale white in colour. Fruits:-in
size fruits arec 2 – 6 centemeter long, fleshy and greenish
[6,7]. Every part of any plant posses some medicinal
properties, either in small of large proportion. The plant
consist of several parts, they may be classified according
to the function. They are root, bark, leaves, flowers,
fruits, seeds, oil [8].
Traditional Uses
The Literature reveals that various parts of this plant are
used as stimulants, demulcents, emollients, heating and
astringents. The bark is a good remedy for itching, swellings, fractures and snake bites, as well as for diabetes
mellitus. Mahua oil is used for the treatment of skin diseases, rheumatism, headache and as a laxative. Fruits are
astringent and largely employed as a lotion for chronic
ulcers, in acute and chronic tonsillitis, and in pharyngitis
[5,9].
Habitat and Synonym
Key words: Madhuca indica, antioxidant activity, an- Madhuca, a large evergreen tree found in South India,
and evergreen forests of the Western ghats from Konkan
timicrobial activity, hepatoprotective activity.
Southwards. The tree is planted in most part of India,
Received 25 January 2015; accepted 24 February 2015; propagating either by itself or sown seeds [10]. In India
there is all type of climatic condition for better propaga*Corresponding Author: Ms. Anu Chaudhary
tion and cultivation, which varies from hot to cold, humid
1
Department of Pharmacy Bharat Institute of Technolto dry as we go in different part in India [11]. This plant
ogy, Partapur, By-Pass road, Meerut-250103, India
can be cultivated or self sown [12]. Flowering of this meEmail: [email protected]
dium sized tree take place during the season of March to
April, in every years.
Copyright ©2011 Published by IJPSL. All rights reserved
INTRODUCTION
Plants have great potential uses, especially as traditional medicine and pharmacopoeial drugs. A large
proportion of the world’s population depends on traditional medicine because of the scarcity and high costs
of orthodox medicine [1]. Medicinal plants have provided the modern medicine with numerous plant derived therapeutic agents [2]. Many plants contain a
variety of phytopharmaceuticals, which have very important applications in the fields of agriculture, human
and veterinary medicine. Natural products play a dominant role in the development of novel drug leads for the
treatment and prevention of diseases [3]. The need to
screen plants for pharmaceuticals is particularly urgent
in the light of rapid deforestation and the concurrent
loss of biodiversity throughout the world. It is very
important to have sufficient knowledge regarding herbs
not only because of their wide spread uses, but also
because they have the potentials to cause reactions or
interact with other drugs [4]. Madhuca indica Syn.
Madhuca latifolia (Sapotaceae), commonly known as
‘mahua’ in the India, is an important economic plant
growing throughout the subtropical region of the IndoPak subcontinent [5]. The aim of the present paper
were to review the botanical description, distribution,
phytochemistry of Cassia sophera and their biological
Anu Chaudhary et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (2)| 539-545
PHYTOCHEMISTRY
Extensive studies have been carried out on M. indica. A
number of triterpenoids including α- amyrin acetate (I),
β-amyrin acetate (II), 3β-monocaprylic ester of
erythrodiol (III), 3β-capryloxy oleanolic acid (IV) and
3β-capryloxy oleanolic acetate (V) from the mesocarp of
Madhuca indica fruit. The other constituents isolated
and characterized are n-hexacosanol (VI), β-D-glucoside
of β-sitosterol (VI) and free β-sitosterol (VII). The nutshell extract yielded β-D-glucoside of β-sitosterol,
quercetin (VIII) and dihydroquercetin (IX) [15].
Two saponins A and B have been isolated from the defatted seeds of Madhuca indica. The structure of saponin
A has been elucidated as 2,3-di-O-glucopyranoside of
bassic acid and that of saponin B as rhamnopyranosyl
1→4 xylopyranosyl 1→2 arabopyranosyl 1→ OOC of
saponin A [16].
Madhucosides A (X) and B,isolated from the bark of
Madhuca indica and were established as 3-O-β-Dapiofuranosyl(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranosyl-28-O-{β-D xylopyranosyl(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-Dglucopyranosyl(1→ 3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-Larabinopyranosyl}protobassic acid and 3-O-β-Dapiofuranosyl(1→2)-β-D -glucopyranosyl-28-O-{β-D xylopyranosyl(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→4)]-β-Dglucopyranosyl(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1→2)-α-Larabinopyranosyl}protobassic acid, respectively [17].
Three new compounds, the triterpenoid madhucic acid
(=3β-(octanoyloxy)-11-oxoolean-12-en-28-oic acid; XI),
the untypical isoflavone madhushazone (=9-methoxy-7(2,3,6-trimethoxyphenyl)-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g][1]
benzopyran-8(8H)-one; XII), and a bis(isoflavone)
named madhusalmone (=5,14-dimethoxy-3,12-bis(3,4,5trimethoxyphenyl)-1,6,8,10,15,17-hexaoxanaphtho[2′,3′:
6,7]cyclodeca[1,2-b]naphthalene-4,13(4H,13H)-dione;
XIII), as well as eight known constituents from the fruit
coats of the medicinal plant Madhuca indica and their
structures were elucidated by spectral analysis, including
2D-NMR techniques [18].
A new isoflavone, 3′,4′-dihydroxy-5,2′-dimethoxy-6,7methylendioxy isoflavone (XIV), from the Madhuca
indica fruit coatings. The structure was elucidated on the
basis of spectral and chemical evidence [19].
H 3C
CH3
CH3
CH 3
H 3C
H
O
H
CH 3
CH 2
H
CH 3
O
CH 3
O
H
H 3C
H 3C
CH 3
3β-capryloxy oleanolic acid (IV)
CH 3
H 3C
H
OH
H
CH 2
H
CH 3
O
CH 3
O
H 3C
H
CH 3
H 3C
3β-capryloxy oleanolic acetate (V)
OH
H3C
n-hexacosanol (VI)
CH3
CH3
H 3C
CH3
H 3C
H
HO
CH3
H
H
H
O
O
OH
HO
H
OH
β-D-glucoside of β-sitosterol (VI)
H
C H
C H
3
H
H O
H
3
3
C H
C
3
H
3
O H
C H
3
H
C
C H
3
H 3C
CH3
CH3
CH
3
CH3
H
CH3
CH
β-sitosterol (VII)
H
CH3
OH
CH3
3
AcO
AcO
H 3C
CH
H 3C
3
α- amyrin acetate (I)
β-amyrin acetate (II)
C H
C H
3
3
C
C H
O
3
C
H
3
C
C H
HO
O
O
OH
O H
OH
O
OH
OH
O
3
H
C H
HO
3
H
3
O
H
OH
CH3
H
H
OH
OH
3
Monocaprylic ester of erythrodiol (III)
Quercetin (VIII)
Dihydroquercetin (IX)
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Anu Chaudhary et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (2)| 539-545
Madhucoside A (X)
H 3C
CH3
O
CH3
H
H 3 C(H
2 C) 6
H
CH3
O
COOH
CH3
O
H 3C
CH3
Madhucic acid (XI)
O
O
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
H3CO
H3CO
Madhucic acid (XII)
H3CO
H3CO
O
O
OCH3
O
O
OCH3
H3CO
O
O
O
O
H3CO
H3CO
Madhusamalone (XIII)
O
O
OCH
3
OH
O
H 3 CO
O
OH
3′,4′-dihydroxy-5,2′-dimethoxy-6,7-methylendioxy
isoflavone (XIV)
Figure 1: Phytochemical Constituents isolated from M.
Indica
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES
Although a lot of pharmacological investigations have
been carried out based on the ingredients present but a
lot more can still be explored, exploited and utilized. A
summary of the findings of these is presented below:
In vitro antioxidant activity:
The methanol and aqueous extracts of bark of M. Indica
were studied for antioxidant potential by using DPPH
radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay.
Methanol and aqueous extract significantly inhibited the
DPPH free radical at the concentrations ranging from 25
-150 µg/ml showed highest inhibition i.e. 81.70% and
57.38% at 25 and 150 µg/ml respectively. Methanol and
aqueous extract of M. Indica also showed significant
reductive ability [20].
Ethanolic extract of bark of Madhuca indica was
screened for free radical scavenging effects at various
concentrations (100, 300 and 500 μg/ml) by superoxide
free radical scavenging activity and DPPH free radical
scavenging method. The extract was able to reduce the
stable radical DPPH to the yellow coloured diphenylpicrylhydrazine, it was also found to be an efficient scavenger of superoxide anions – generated by the
phenazin methosulfate (PMS) / nicotinamid-adenindinucleotide, reduced form (NADH) system – was detected within by the reaction with chloride of 2,2’-di-pnitrophenyl)- 5,5’-diphenyl-(3,3’-dimethoxy-4,4’difphenylene) ditetrazolium chloride (nitro blue tetrazolium – NBT) in-vitro and their activity are in comparable to that of ascorbic acid and Butylated hydroxyl
toluene [21].
Aq. and acetone extract of Madhuca indica Leaf were
evaluated for SOD and Peroxidase activity, Catalase and
ascorbate oxidase activity. Among the two extracts of
Madhuca indica, the highest activity of Catalase was
observed in Acetone extract (0.767 units/mg protein)
and lowest in aqueous extract (0.0127 units/mg proteins). The Peroxidase activity was observed to be low
in aqueous extract (1.22X103units/mg proteins), while
the activity again increased in acetone extract of Madhuca indica (2.5 X 106). The ascorbate oxidase activity
was same for both acetone and aqueous extract [22].
DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, nitric oxide
radical, hydroxyl radical, lipid peroxidation, and total
phenolic content assays were carried out to evaluate the
antioxidant potential of the methanolic bark extract of
Madhuca indica. The extract showed a significant dosedependent free radical scavenging activity in all the
models. The extract showed the presence of high phenolic content corresponding to 98.48 µg equivalent of gallic acid and the antioxidant activity could be attributed
to this [23].
Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of leaf
and bark of Madhuca indica was assessed by means of
DPPH free radical scavenging method where ascorbic
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acid was used as standard with IC50 value 45.738µg/ml.
Leaves and barks of Madhuca indica showed significant
antioxidant activity with IC50 value 61.832 µg/ml &
66.342 µg/ml respectively.
The phenolic content was found in leaf 62.43mg of
GAE / gm of extractives and the amount of phenolic
content was 61.08mg of GAE / gm of extractives for
bark which correlated with good antioxidant potentiality
[24].
Antioxidant study of methanolic extract of Madhuca
indica flowers was carried out to evaluate the free radicals scavenging effect of flower extract. The Total antioxidant activity of flower extract was found to be
0.29±0.02 mM Ascorbic acid/mg extract of Mahua flowers. Extract showed the potent antioxidant activity. The
Ferric reducing antioxidant power of extract was very
potent and it increases as the quantity of sample increases [25].
Anti Microbial activity
Ethanolic extract of Madhuca indica bark at concentration of 100 mg/ml was found to be most effective
against Staphylococcus aureus followed by Bacillus
subtilis whereas in case of Gram negative bacteria, extract was found to be most effective against Escherichia
coli followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ethanolic extract of M. indica did not showed any activity
against C. Albicans [21].
Aq. and acetone extract of Madhuca indica Leaf were
evaluated for antibacterial activity. Acetone leaf extract
of Madhuca indica showed significant antibacterial activity against bacteria isolated from urine samples of
diabetic patients i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E.coli while
aqueous extract showed very small zone of inhibition
against these bacteria. This study suggested that medicinal plant extracts possess some of the compounds with
antibacterial properties that can be used in traditional
medicine for the treatment of infectious diseases such as
diabetes [22].
In vitro antibacterial screening of the methanolic extracts of leaf and bark of Madhuca indica was carried
out by Disc diffusion technique using kanamycin as
standard. Zone of inhibition was observed in disc diffusion against four gram-positive and eight gram-negative
pathogenic bacteria. The leaf and bark extracts showed
average zone of inhibition ranged from 7-10 mm. Maximum zone of inhibition was observed 10 mm against
Bacillus megaterium, Salmonella paratyphi,Vibrio parahemolyticus for barks and Vibrio mimicus for leaves
[24].
The different organic extracts of the dried inner bark of
Madhuca indica J. F. Gmel. (Family - Sapotaceae) was
investigated for its possible antibacterial activity against
four human pathogenic bacterial strains. The plant extracts were evaluated against some gram positive and
gram negative bacterial strains like Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and
Escherichia coli was carried out by the disk diffusion
technique. Among all the extracts the methanolic extracts showed significant antibacterial activity against
most of the tested microbes. The most susceptible microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus (24 mm zone
of inhibition in methanolic extract) followed by Bacillus
subtilis (20 mm zone of inhibition in methanolic extract)
again followed by Escherichia coli (15 mm zone of inhibition in methanolic extract) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (10 mm zone of inhibition in methanolic extract)
[26].
Anti microbial activity of methanolic extract and aqueous extracts of Madhuca indica was screened by agar
well diffusion method. The results revealed that the
methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial
activity of concentration of 100-500 µg/ml respectively
against tested organisms, particularly more effective
against gram +ve bacteria staphylococcus aureus and
gram –ve bacteria Escherichia coli than the aqueous
extract when compared to the standard drug (ampicillin)
[27].
Antinociceptive and Antidiarrhoeal Activities
Ethanolic extract of the dried bark of Madhuca indica J.
F. Gmel. (Family - Sapotaceae) were evaluated for its
possible antinociceptive and antidiarrhoeal activities in
animal models. The extract produced significant
(P<0.001) writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced
writhing in mice at the oral dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg
of body weight comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight.
The extract also showed antidiarrhoeal activity on castor
oil induced diarrhoea in mice, it increased mean latent
period and decreased the frequency of defecation significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01) at the oral dose of 500 mg/kg
body weight comparable to the standard drug Loperamide at the dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight [28].
Antiulcer Activity
Investigation was carried out to study the antiulcer activity of various doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) of
methanolic extract of Madhuca indica J.F. Gmel, using
the pylorus ligation, ethanol-induced and naproxeninduced gastric ulcer models in rats. In pylorus ligation,
the extract provided significant ulcer protective effect as
evinced through significant increase in gastric pH and
mucin content of the stomach along with reduction in
total acidity and pepsin activity. Also, mucin content of
stomach was significantly increased in ethanol induced
ulcer. Moreover, ulcerated area was reduced significantly in all three models. It is concluded that methanolic extract of Madhuca indica leaves possesses antiulcer
activity which can be attributed to its ability to increase
the protective layer of mucin and decrease the damaging
and or digestive effects of pepsin and acid [29].
Anti ulcer activity of ethanolic extract and crude alkaloid extract of M. Indica seed cake on albino rats were
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Anu Chaudhary et al /International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Letters 2015 Vol. 5 (2)| 539-545
carried out. The study showed that only ethanolic extract
exhibited a significant anti ulcer activity [30].
Antiulcer potential of aqueous extract of Madhuca indica (M. indica) J. F. Gmel leaves in rats were evaluated. Aqueous extract of M. indica J.F. Gmel leaves was
tested at the dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.
against naproxen (30 mg/kg, p.o) induced gastric ulcer.
Omeprazole (30 mg kg, p.o.) was used as a positive
standard. Ulcerated area was measured by Image J software. Various antioxidant parameter like SOD, GSH,
MDA, MPO, NO and histamine were also determined.
After 4 week treatment period, aqueous extract of plant
of M. indica at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. (P
<0.01, P <0.001) showed significant reduction in ulcerated area and ulcer index as compared to control group.
Omeprazole (30 mg/kg, p.o.) was more effective in reducing ulcerated area after 30 days treatment period. In
addition, SOD, GSH, NO significantly increased; MDA,
MPO content significantly lowered when compared with
control group. Histamine content didn’t show any significant change at all the three doses. These findings
suggested that aqueous extract of M. indica J.F. Gmel
leaves was effective in gastric ulcer protection [31].
Investigation of gastric Ulcer protective effect of ethanolic extract of Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) bark (MLE)
and aqueous extract of Madhuca latifolia (Roxb.) bark
(MLA) was carried out in aspirin induced gastric ulcer
in wistar rats. The oral administration (400 mg/kg) of
MLE & MLA extract reduced the ulcer index and prevents the development of gastric lesions by 76.57% and
81.14% (% of protection), respectively [32].
Antihyperglycaemiv Activity
Methanolic bark extract of Madhuca indica has shown
significant anti diabetic activity against streptozotocin
and streptozotocin – nicotinamide induced diabetic models in wistar rats. Methanolic extract of Madhuca indica
have significantly decreased the serum glucose level in
streptozotocin and STZ-NIC induced diabetic rats [33].
Antihyperglycaemic potential of methanolic bark extract
of Madhuca indica was assesed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. A dose of 300 mg/Kg of methanolic
extract showed maximum glucose lowering effect,
whereas 150 mg/Kg of methanolic extract showed a
significant hypoglycaemic effect throughout the study
period [34].
Hypoglycaemic potential of ethanolic extract and crude
alkaloid extract of M. Indica seed cake on albino rats
were studied. The study showed that ethanolic extract
had a significant dose dependent hypoglycaemic activity
[35].
Antihyperglycaemic activity studies were conducted by
oral glucose tolerance tests in glucose-loaded Swissalbino mice with crude methanol extract of leaves
of Madhuca indica. The leaf extract of Madhuca indica,
when administered to mice at dose levels of 50, 100, -
250, and 500 mg/kg bodyweight demonstrated dosedependent and significant reductions in serum glucose
levels at the three higher doses. Serum glucose levels
were reduced by 22.2, 25.8, and 36.3%, respectively, at
doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg extract/kg body weight.
In comparison, the standard antihyperglycaemic drug,
glibenclamide, reduced serum glucose levels by 35.9%,
which is approximately equivalent to that obtained with
the highest dose of Madhuca indica leaf extract [36].
Anti-Diabetic Effects of aq. and ethanolic extracts of
Madhuca indica Roxb., was evaluated in AlloxanInduced Diabetic rats. The present study reports for the
first time that Madhuca indica aqueous extract (MIAE)
possesses more antidiabetic activity than ethanol extract
of Madhuca indica (MIEE). Administration of (MIAE)
exhibited significant reduction in serum glucose levels
in both single dose one day and multiple-dose 15 day
study in alloxan-induced diabetic studies. Whereas
MIAE showed significant reduction in serum glucose
levels in single-dose one day study. These experimental
protocols substantiate the antidiabetic activity of title
plant. Exogenously administered glucose (2 g/kg) to
diabetic animals exhibited higher glucose levels with
increased AUC. These data suggested that these diabetic
rats resembling type-I or severe diabetic conditions in
which a maximum pancreatic -cell damage occurred.
Treatment of Madhuca indica ethanolic Extract (MIEE)
and MIAE exhibited improved glucose tolerance and
also increases in insulin levels in response to exogenously administered glucose. The efficacy of these extracts were comparable to standard glibenclamide, and
could be mediated by improving the glycemic control
mechanisms and -cellsbinsulin secretion from remnant
pancreatic and/or extra pancreatic pathways may be in
act [37].
Anti inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities
Anti inflammatory action of ethanolic extract and crude
alkaloid extract of M. Indica seed cake on albino rats
were studied. The study showed that ethanolic extract
and crude alkaloid extract exhibited a significant anti
inflammatory activity. Both the extracts possess dose
dependent inhibitory activity on carrageenan induced
edema, inhibiting prostaglandins or mediators involved
in prostaglandins syntheses, the second phase of inflammation [35].
The crude methanolic extract of Madhuca indica at 50,
100 and 200 mg kg-1 body weight were evaluated for
anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities in
male wistar rats. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied
by using carrageenan induced oedema right hind paw
volume while the analgesic effect was evaluated using
acetic acid-induced abdominal pains i.e., nociception
response. The brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia model
was used for antipyretic investigation. The extract at all
the doses used and the indomethacin significantly inhibited carrageenan induced inflammation in a manner that
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was not dose dependent. The extract reduced the acetic
acid induced pain licking. While the 50 and 100 mg kg1
body weight of the extract reduced the brewer’s yeast
provoked elevated body temperature in rats after 60 min
that of 200 mg kg-1 body weight manifested from 30
min. The results suggest a potential benefit of M. indica methanolic extract in treating conditions associated
with inflammation, pain and fever. These properties
might be adduced to the presence of the phytoconstituents [38].
The Leaves extract of Madhuca indica Linn. obtained by
cold extraction of mixture of equal proportions of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol was selected for
anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. In rat paw
edema model induced by carrageenan, the extract at the
400 mg/kg dose level showed 36.68% (p <0.001) inhibition of edema volume at the end of 4h. In the acetic acid
induced writhing test, the extract at the 200 and 400 mg/
kg dose level showed 39.9 % and 52.4 % inhibition of
writhing, respectively. In radiant heat tail-flick method
the crude extract produced 40.74% (p <0.001) and
61.48% (p <0.001) elongation of tail flicking time 30
minutes after oral administration at the 200 and 400 mg/
kg dose level, respectively [39].
Hepatoprotective
The methanol extracts of M. indica bark studied for
hepatoprotective activity against albino rats with liver
damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). It was
found that the methanol extract of M.indica at a dose of
300 mg/kg body weight exhibited moderate protective
effect by lowering the serum levels of Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Serum bilirubin and Serum
alkaline phosphate (SALP) to a significant extent [35].
Cytotoxic activity
The cytotoxic activities of methanolic extracts of leaf
and bark of Madhuca indica were determined using
Brine shrimp lethality using Vincristine sulfate as standard with LC50 of 8.84µg/ml hence the crude extracts of
leaves and barks showed significant cytotoxicity with
LC50 of 17.09µg/ml and 45.96 µg/ml respectively [24].
Cytotoxic potential of methanol extract of Madhuca
indica flowers was evaluated on chicken liver cell line
through cell viability assay. The extract showed the potent cytotoxic effect on liver cells. Further studies can be
done on its cytotoxic effect on cancerous line along isolation of bioactive compound [40].
CONCLUSION
The above collected information regarding M. indica
matches with the available literature. Natural products
from folk remedies have contributed significantly in the
discovery of modern drugs and can be an alternative
source for the discovery of novel structures with better
safety and atural compounds, especially of plant origin
received much attention in recent years as they are well
tested for their efficacy and generally believed to be safe
for human use. It is best classical approach in the search
of new molecules for management of various diseases.
Thorough screening of literature available on W. cinensis depicted the fact that it is a popular remedy among
the various ethnic groups, Ayurvedic and traditional
practitioners for treatment of various ailments. Researchers are exploring the therapeutic potential of this
plant as it has more therapeutic properties which are not
known.
Conflict of interest statement
We declare that we have no conflict of interest.
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Cite this article as:
Anu Chaudhary, Anil Bhandari, A.Pandurangan,
Sameksha Koul, Madhuca Indica J. F. Gmel.
(Sapotaceae): An Overview, Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Lett.
2015 : 5: (2), 539-545
Source of Support: Nil.
Conflict of interest: None declared.
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