Download Review On The Medicinial Plant - Aerva Lanata

Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research Issue 1 (Vol. 3) 2013
ISSN: 2231-2560
CODEN (USA): AJBPAD
Review Article
Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research
Review On The Medicinial Plant - Aerva Lanata
A. Anita and A. Malar Retna1*
Department of Chemistry and Research centre,Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, TamilNadu, India
Received: 19 February 2013; Revised: 28 February 2013; Accepted: 19 March. 2013
Abstract: Medicinal plants and herbs are used by nearly all cultures to prevent or treat illness. Many of today's
most common medicines such as ointments, syrups are developed from the components of medicinal plants.
Prior to modern medical doctors the country medical practitioners played a vital role in the process of making
medicines for newly arrive diseases in each past era. It does not end with the pioneers but still continues by
modern researchers. In this review we look on the research works of medicinal plant Aerva lanata and its
pharmacological activities like diuretic, antioxidant and so on, which the modern researches had done. The
medicinal plant Aerva lanata is commonly known as ‘sirupulai’ in Tamil language. It is an erect or prostrate
herbaceous weed found all over in India. This herb has diuretic and metabolism regulating action. The
phytochemical constituents present in Aerva lanata include alkaloids, flavonids, saponins, tannins, protein etc.
The pharmacological activities reported were anti diabetic, anti oxidant, anti microbial activities and so on. This
review encompasses detailed study on pharmacogonstic activites of Aerva lanata to undergo further research
work in this area. We hope this study would help future students to find new phytochemicals present in it.
Key words; Diuretic, Antihelmintic, Antidiarrhoeal, Cardioprotective, Antihepatatic, Antimicrobial,
Antiasthmatic.
INTRODUCTION:
Plants have been used in traditional medicines for thousands of years. Medicinal plants as a
group comprise approximately 8000 species and account for about 50% of all the higher flowering
plant species in India. The knowledge of medicinal plants has been accumulated in the course of many
centuries based on different medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha. In large number
of countries human population depends on medicinal plants for treating various illnesses as well as
source of livelihood. One of the main advantages of using medicinal plants is that, these do not
produce or cause any side effects when compared with synthetic drugs, because medicinal plants have
high content of antioxidant compounds. This gives protective effects against diseases without reducing
their therapeutic efficacy [1]. The Indian traditional system of medicine, especially Ayurveda has put
forward a number of therapeutic claims on plant drugs. However it is important to conduct thorough
investigation of many traditionally used medicinal plants with reference to modern system of medicine
[2]. The World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the population of developing countries
relies on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs for their primary health care needs [2-5]. Nowadays
herbal drugs have become world important objects, with both medicinal and economical implications.
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A regular and wide spread use of herbs throughout the world has increased serious concerns over their
quality, safety and efficacy [15]. These are because of the nature of herbal ingredients present there,
which are complex mixtures of different secondary metabolites that can vary considerably, depending
on environmental and genetic factors. These complex positions of quality aspects of herbal drugs are
complicated by the use of combination of herbal ingredients. The standardization methods of
medicinal plants and their extracts have great important [26]. Like this the reliable scientific efficacy
and quality aspects of Aerva lanata has to be maintained.
Plant description :Aerva lanata belongs to the family of Amaranthaceae. It is one of the important
medicinal plants have ever grown throughout the plains of India. Aerva lanata is found to be an erect
or prostrate herbaceous weed that is common throughout the hotter parts of India especially all over
the plains, this extends up to an altitude of 3000m. It is also be present in Sri Lanka, Arabia, Egypt,
tropical Africa, Java and Philippines. In India, it spreads in the states of Tamil Nadu, Andra Pradesh
and Karnataka. Aerva lanata had been used in the Indian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes
mellitus, urinary calculi, hematesis, bronchitis, nasal bleeding, cough, scorpion stings, fractures,
spermatorrhea, to clear uterus after delivery and also to prevent lactation [4].
Botanical name
Family
-
Aerva Lanata
Amaranthaceae
Habitat
-
Herb
Ayurvedic name
-
paashaanabheda, Gorakshayanjaa, Aadaanpaahi, Shatkabhedi
Bengali name
- Chaya
Hindi name
- kapurijadi, Gorakhabumdi [3] .
Medicinal properties : The plant Aerva lanata is diuretic and used in lithiasis. The roots are
demulcent, diuretic, and useful in strangury, cure kidney stones [2].The root has a camphor like aroma
and medicinally important. Decoctions of the flowers are used to cure stones in any parts of the
stomach [7].The roots are also used in the treatment of headache. The plant is regarded as a demulcent
on the Malabar Coast. It has valued for cough in Ceylon and also as a vermifuge for children. The
Meena tribals of the Sawaimadhopur district of Rajasthan orally used to give the juice of the roots of
Aerva lanata to patients who are suffering from liver congestion, jaundice, biliousness and dyspepsia.
They also give decoction of the whole plant to cure pneumonia, typhoid and other prolonged fevers
[24].
Traditionally, leaves of Aerva lanata are used as sap for eye-complaints; an infusion is given to
cure diarrhoea and kidney stone; and the root is used in snake bite treatment. The decoction of leaf is
used as gargle for treating sore throat and it is also used in various complex treatments against guineaworm [5]. In addition to the traditional uses, the plant is reported for a number of pharmacological
activities viz., anthelmintic, demulcent, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant, hepatoprotective and
nephroprotective , anti-diabetic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-microbial, cytotoxic , urolithiatic ,
hypoglycemic, anti hyperlipidemic , anti-parasitic and anti -helmintic activities[6].
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Pharmacological activities
Antihelmintic activity : In this study the aqueous and alcoholic extract of leaf and stem parts of Aerva
lanata were studied for antihelmintic activity by using tape worm (Taenia Solium) and earth worm
(Pheretima Posthuma). Here Albendazole drug was used as standard drug. As a result both the extracts
of Aerva lanata were active against both the tapeworms and the earthworms. The leaf and stem
alcoholic extracts of Aerva lanata were comparatively more active than Albendazole drug against
Taenia solium. These findings support the use of Aerva lanata as antihelmintic drug in the traditional
medicine [13]. In another study the antihelmintic activity of various extracts of Aerva lanata were
studied. Preliminary phytochemical screening studies on Rotula aquatica and Aerva lanata revealed
the presence of carbohydrate, tannins and flavonoids. Some of these phytoconstituents might be
responsible for anthelmintic activity also. The result showed that the aqueous extract of Aerva lanata
has more potent anthelmintic activity from the aqueous extract of Rotula aquatica when compared to
standard drug Piperazine citrate [12].
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activity of Aerva lanata: The methanol and aqueous extracts of
aerial parts of Aerva lanata was tested against microorganisms like Bacillus Subtilis UC 564,
Staphylococus aureus NCTC 8530, Pseudomonas aerugenosa 25619, E.coli ATCC 2457T. The
antimicrobial activity was determined by zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration.
Tetracyclines 30 microgram per millilitre served as positive reference standards to determine the
sensitivity of the tested microbial strains. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that both the
extracts have antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus Subtilis UC 564,
Staphylococus aureus NCTC 8530) than the gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aerugenosa25619,
E.coli ATCC2457T). It is also found that saponins, flavonoids, tannins are present in both the extracts
and alkaloids present in methanolic extract [9].
The free radical scavenging activity of methanol aqueous root parts of Aerva lanata extracts
were examined invitro DPPH. The activity was compared with standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. The
DPPH radical inhibition of aqueous and methanolic extracts and ascorbic acid was found to be
50.135% and 52.125% and 78.125%. From this methanol extract showed more and scavenging
activity than aqueous extract. Reducing power determination of antioxidant activity of methanol
aqueous extracts showed more reducing power ability than aqueous extract when compared to
standard antioxidant ascorbic acid, like this nitric oxide scavenging method used for determining the
antioxidant activity. It showed that the scavenging activity of methanolic extract is (47.92%) than the
aqueous extract (22.22%). From this result of antioxidant activity we can conclude that antioxidant
activity is more in methanol extract than aqueous extract due to the high content of saponions,
flavonoids [9].
Diuretic activity of Aerva lanata: The diuretic activity of concentrated ethanolic extracts of Aerva
lanata and Aerva tomentosa forsk were studied on Albino rats of either sex which is hydrated in saline
water. The reference standard drug used for this study is standard diuretic drug Frusemide. The results
showed that the ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata increased the level of volume of urine output, urine
sodium, potassium, chloride levels. Thus the diuretic activity is found in Aerva lanata and not in Aerva
tomentosa forsk [8].
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Diuretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Aerva lanata in Rats: Male Albino rats were used for
studying the diuretic activity of Aerva lanata, while the alcoholic extract of Aerva lanata increased the
urine volume of rats moderately; this was equivalent to that of acetzolamide. The Na+ and K+ ratio was
decreased as half fold, because the extracts act as a potent kaliuetic. The results showed that alcoholic
extract of Aerva lanata act as diuretic in a dose- dependent manner.
The anti inflammatory activity of benzene and alcoholic extracts of Aerva lanata in male
Albino rats were studied by using carrageenan – induced rat hind paw edema method. The Aerva
lanata extract at dose levels of 400 and 800 mg/kg acted as aquaretic, kaliuretic and chloruretic. The
edema suppressant effect was significant (p< 0.05) at the dose of 800mg/kg compared to control. This
finding shows that Aerva lanata is useful in treatment of inflammation and renal dropsies [28].
Diuretic activity of Aerva lanata flowers: The hydro- alcoholic extract of flowers of Aerva lanata
was screened for its diuretic activity in rats. The diuretic activity studied in 5 and 24 hours and the
extract showed increase of urine volume, Na+, K+, Cl+ ions as compared to normal saline. The hydro
alcoholic extract of flowers of Aerva lanata upon phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of
flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, alkaloids and phytosterols [24].
Antidiarrhoeal activity of Aerva lanata: The antidiarrohoeal activity of alcoholic extract of Aerva
lanata was studied in the charcoal meal test, castor oil induced diarrohoea, and PGE2 induced
enterpooling. The animals used for this study are Albino Wister rats of either sex. In the castor oil
induced diarrhoea method Loperamide is used as standard drug. The results showed that the release of
prostaglandins cause increase in secretion of water, electrolytes, intestinal transits and increase in wet
faces of Albino Wistar rats. In charcoal meal study using atropine as anti- muscarinic drug showed
decrease propulsive movement in both dose 800 mg/kg and400mg/kg which showed moderate effect
to prevent diarrhoea. By PGE2 induced enterpooling study of Aerva lanata showed good antienterpooling property which produces relief from diarrhoea. From this it is concluded that the
antidiarrhoeal effect of alcoholic extract is due to gastrointestinal motility, which inhibit the synthesis
of prostaglandins. This may be due to the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids in the extract [11].
Antidiabetic effect of Aerva lanata:The antidiabetic effects in the aerial parts of Aerva lanata in
normal and alloxan induced on diabetic rats have been reported. The blood glucose level was detected
by glucose-oxidase and peroxidase method. The oral administration of Aerva lanata extract reduced
the blood glucose level of diabetic animals, which is comparable to standard dose of metformin. A
significant decrease of body weight was observed in diabetic control rats. It is concluded that alcoholic
extract of Aerva lanata possesses antidiabetic effect in experimental animals [5].
Cardio protective effect of Aerva lanata: Cardioprotective effect of Aerva lanata was studied by
using Wister strain female Albino rats, which was divided into three groups and sacrificed under light.
The animals are subjected for chloroform anesthesia. Doxorubicin was used as standard drug. The
determination of serum biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, and enzymatic antioxidants, non – enzymatic
anti oxidants, membrane bound enzymes showed no significant difference between controlled plants
treated group and standard drug treated group. Thus it is found that saponins, tannins, flavonoids,
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terpenoids, phenols present in Aerva lanata are responsible for protecting cardiac from damage. The
result suggests that Aerva lanata prevented the doxorubicin induced myocardial toxicity by boosting
the enzymatic and non – enzymatic antioxidant activities. The cardio protective effect of Aerva lanata
could be due to lipid lowering and decrease in levels of serum biomarkers [10].
Antihepatatic activity of Aerva lanata: The hepatoprotective activity of Aerva lanata against
paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied by using male Wister rats. The normal control Group
I received 0.5 % carboxy methylcellulose solution and Group II served as paracetamol control, Group
III received Aerva lanata extract (ethanol: water), Group IV received silymarin. The blood of animals
treated with paracetomol was separated for estimating Alanine amino transferase(ALT), aspartate
amino transferase(AST), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP) 10, 11 and bilirubin12.
Aerva lanata treated groups significantly reversed the levels of AST, ALP, ALT and bilirubin,
when compared to paracetamol alone treated rats. Silymarin treated animals showed significant
decrease in AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin levels when compared to paracetamol alone treated rats.
Thus it has been reported the hydro-alcoholic extract of Aerva lanata is proved to be one of the herbal
remedies for liver ailments [17].
Antimicrobial activities on various human pathogens: The antimicrobial susceptibility of various
human pathogenic microorganisms against various classes of antibiotics like Gentamycin (G),
Amikacin (Ak), Erythromycin (E), Amoxicillin (Am),Tetracycline (T), Chloramphenicol (C),
Cefpodoxime (Cep), Cotrimazole (Cc), Ciprofloxacin (Cf), Vancomycin (Va), Imipenum (I) on Aerva
lanata showed the considerable activity against Proteus mirabilis (43.33%). The methanolic extract
test showed good antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens [18].
Antibacterial activity of Aerva lanata on Xanthomonas campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila:
The methanol and aqueous extracts of leaves in six different medicinal plants, Acalypha indica, Aerva
lanata,Phyllanthus amarus, Phyllanthus emblica, Cassia auriculata and Caesalpinia pulcherrima,
were used for the investigation of antibacterial studies. The antibacterial screening has performed by
disc diffusion method against two types of bacteria, namely Xanthomonas campestris (plant pathogen)
and Aeromonas hydrophila (human pathogen). The standard antibiotic discs (Kanamycin 30 µg/ disc,
Neomycin 10µg/disc) and blank discs (impregnated with solvent and water) were used as positive and
negative control. It has been reported that the methanol extracts of all the plant samples showed
significant activity against the two tested bacteria’s. The methanol extracts of Acalypha indica, Aerva
lanata and Phyllanthus amarus exhibited clear zone of inhibition against the tested micro organisms.
Antibacterial activity of methanol and aqueous extract of Phyllanthus amarus and Aerva lanata was
highly significant when compared to Kanamycin and Neomycin. The Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) of the crude methanol extracts of Acalypha indica, Aerva lanata and Phyllanthus
amarus against Xanthomonas campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila were determined by using serial
dilution technique. The MIC of Acalphya indica was 128 µg/ml against Xanthomonas campestris and
Acalypha hydrophila. Then the MIC values of Aerva lanata were 32µg/ml and 64 µg/ml against the
above two microorganisms. Similarly the MIC values of Phyllanthus amarus were 64µg/ml and 128
µg/ml against Xanthomona campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila respectively. Hence it is concluded
that the extracts of Acalypha indica, Aerva lanata and Phyllanthus amarus showed inhibition of
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bacterial growth even at low concentrations. Among these three samples, the MIC value of Aerva
lanata, determined by serial dilution technique, was found to be 32µg/ml and 64µg/ml against
Xanthomonas campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila respectively. From the results of antibacterial
assay, the methanol extracts of Aerva lanata might be used as antibacterial agents against
Xanthomonas, campestris and Aeromonas hydrophila which affect plants and animals respectively
[20].
In-vitro antimicrobial activity and antifungal activity of Aerva lanata: The in- vitro antimicrobial
activity of different extracts of Aerva lanata was studied against the bacterial strains Streptococcus,
Pseudomonas aureginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis , and two fungal
species Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillusniger through Agar diffusion method. The
methanolic extract of Aerva lanata did not show any activity against the bacterial strains
Streptococcus, Pseudomonas aureginosa, and Escherichia coli except Staphyloccusaureus and
Bacillussubtilis. The chloroform extract of Aerva lanata showed moderate inhibition activity against
Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aureginosa. The water extract of Aerva lanata showed moderate
inhibitory activity against all the selected bacterial strains except Bacillussubtilis [18]. In another study
the anti microbial activities was studied in isolated phytoconstituents and different fractions of Aerva
lanata against bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and fungal stains
Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumifacience by using the Agar well diffusion method. The result
revealed that, the zone of inhibition of Petroleum ether extract (16.83 ± 0.12mm), chloroform (13.99 ±
0.22mm), methanol extract (19.46 ± 0.26mm), the zone of inhibition are varying between 13.99 ±
0.22mm to 19.46 ± 0.26mm. These data indicated that methanol crude extract of aerial part of Aerva
lanata exhibited strong antibacterial activity compared to petroleum ether extract and methanolic
extract. It was quite active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis
and Agrobacterium tumifacience, but the chloroform extract was active against the bacterial strains
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoni [19].
Antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of Aerva lanata: The Antifungal activity of methanolic
extracts of Aerva lanata showed moderate inhibitory activity against Aspergillusniger only, but no
inhibitory affect against Saccharomyces cerevisiae.The water extracts of Aerva lanata showed
moderate inhibition zones against Saccharomyces cerevisiae only, but inhibitory effects against
Aspergillusniger. It can be concluded from the present findings that, plant extracts have great potential
of antimicrobial compounds against microorganisms and that they can be used for the resistant of
microorganisms [18]
Hepatoprotective properties of Aerva lanata: The petroleum ether extract, methanolic extract and
isolated compounds of Aerva lanata were subjected to pharmacological screening on mice models. All
the extracts obtained and showed hepatoprotective activity in albino rats, where the hepatotoxicity was
induced by administering CCl4. Animals treated with doses of 100, 200 and 300mg/kg, of plant
extracts, showed a significant protection of liver histologically and serum tests after the last doses of
CCl4. Thus the current study reveals that plant extracts from Aerva lanata have significant
hepatoprotective property [14].
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Antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic extract of Aerva lanata: The antiasthmatic activity of ethanolic
extract of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata were studied by using isolated adult goat tracheal tissue and
adult albino mice of either sex. In isolated goat tracheal chain preparation, ethanolic extract inhibited
the contraction produced by histamine in the tissue preparations. Aerva lanata showed a decreased
contraction at a concentration of 100 micro grams per mille liter in goat tracheal chain preparation.
The antiasthamatic activity determined by colonidine induced catalepsy in mice showed that
chlorpheniramine maleata treated group significantly reversed the clonidine induced catalepsy in mice.
The mast cell degranulation of mice using standard drug Disodium chromoglycate showed protection
90.6% and Aerva lanata at a dose of (60mg/kg) showed protection of 68.9%. The above study
reported that the ethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata exhibits significant dose
dependent antiasthmatic activity in vitro and in- vivo animal models and supports the traditional claim
of herb in the treatment of asthma [15].
Antifertility activity of Aerva lanata on Albino Rats:The ethanolic extracts of roots of Plumbago
indica and aerial parts of Aerva lanata were evaluated for antifertility activity by using anti
implantation, abortificient and motility of rat spermatozoa (in- vitro) models. The anti- implantation
effect depends on the dose as well as the initiation of treatment on specific days of pregnancy.
Plumbago indica showed percentage pre-implantation loss of 40% and 50% against control at the
doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg b/w, where as Aerva lanata has shown pre-implantation loss of 20% and
30% against control at the dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b/w respectively. It is also found that both
Plumbago indica and Aerva lanata at a concentration of 10% have shown no motility of rat
spermatozoa within 60 seconds [27].
Effect of Aerva lanata on urinary tracts of rats: The study was conducted on the diuretic effect of
the crude aqueous extract of Aerva lanata at high and low molecular mass fraction by using hydrated
rat assay technique. The results of crude aqueous plant extract have showed a diuretic activity with
marked increase in urine output, urine osmolality and urinary potassium excretion. Low molecular
mass fraction of dried plant material showed a significant diuretic effect while the high molecular
fraction does not have the same effect. The results also showed that long term administration of the
aqueous extract of Aerva lanata has no toxological effects on renal structure and functions of rats [23].
The sorption abilities of leaves powders of Aerva lanata: The sorption abilities of leaves powder of
Aerva lanata, for extracting Chromium (VI) from polluted waters have been studied with respect to
various physicochemical parameters such as pH, sorption dosage and equilibrium time. The conditions
for maximum removal of Chromium (VI) have been optimized. The results are found towards Cr(VI)
is that effect of pH on leaves powders of Aerva lanata showed that the percentage extractability is
found to be 36.0% at pH :10, 40.0% at pH: 8, 52.0% at pH : 6 ,64.0% at pH: 4, 92.0% at pH: 2 after
an equilibration time of 2.8 hours with sorbent concentration of 2.0 gm/500ml. Ten fold excess of
common cautions present in natural waters, viz., Ca2+, Mg2+ , Cu2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ and Fe2+ have
synergistic effect in increasing the percentage removal of Chromate. SO42—and Phosphates are found
to be interfering with the extractability of Chromates but NO3 Chloride, Fluoride and Carbonate have
marginal interference. Maximum extractions to an extent of 96.0%, 92.0%, and 84.0% from synthetic
waters are observed with the leaves powder of Aerva lanata, respectively at pH: 2 and at optimum
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equilibration time and sorbent concentrations. This methodology developed and applied in diverse
waste water samples collected from industrial effluents and polluted lakes. The procedures are found
to be remarkably successful in removing the Chromium (VI) from waste waters [16].
CONCLUSION :
Aerva lanata has proved to be a therapeutic agent for various diseases. The active components
present in Aerva lanata are such as flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, alkaloids, tannins,
saponoins, terpenoids, phenols and phytosterols are responsible for its pharmacological activities. The
antihelminitic activity of Aerva lanata is due to carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids. The antioxidant
and antimicrobial activity is mainly due to saponins, tannins and flavonoids. Flavonoids, saponins,
tannins, terpenoids and phenols present in Aerva lanata protect the cardiac from damage. Aerva lanata
shows good antiasthmatic activity and antimicrobial activity against various gram positive and gram
negative bacteria. The diuretic activity of Aerva lanata is mainly due to flavonoids, glycosides,
carbohydrates, alkaloids, and phytosterols. The hydroalcholic extract of Aerva lanata is proved that it
is a good herbal remedy for liver ailments. From this we have come to a conclusion that further
research work has to be done briefly on more pharmacogonostic activites and to find more active
components isolated in it. This study will boost its commercial production and the rate of
consumption.
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*Correspondence Author: A. Malar Retna, Department of Chemistry and Research centre,Scott
Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu, India.
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