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ISSN 2278-6937
Novus International Journal of
Pharmaceutical Technology
2012, Vol. 1, No. 3
www.novusscientia.org
Accepted on November 15, 2012
Argemone Mexicana: A review
Ajita Bhatt*, Sunil K. Jain
Adina Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sagar, M.P., India
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Argemone Mexicana (family: Papaveraceae) is one of the important medicinal plant which
naturally occurs in various countries like India, Australia, South Africa and other parts of the
world. They are adapted to a wide variety of habitat and tend to grow best in soil of low fertility. It
has different chemical constituents like N-demethyloxysanguinarine, reticuline, columbamine etc.
and have several pharmacological activities, among these the anticancer activity have facilitated
the extent of further research for finding out better treatment of disease. This review will facilitate
to gain about the scientific research and the necessary information about the enormous
pharmacological activities of Argemone which will insist researchers for future research to protect
human race from several types of diseases.
KEYWORDS:
Allelopathy.
Argemone,
N-demethyloxysanguinarine,
Reticuline,
Animalarial,
*Corresponding author: Ajita Bhatt
Adina Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Sagar, M.P., India
Email: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Herbal drugs comprise the use of whole plant or parts of plant for their therapeutic effect1,2.
WHO has distinct herbal drugs as complete, labeled medicinal products that have vigorous
ingredients, aerial or secretive parts of the plant or other plant material or combination3.
These are the oldest form of healthcare known to mankind and is a chief constituent in
Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Naturopathic and other medicine systems4,5. They are usually
considered as safe, since they belong to natural sources, and this leads to rapid increase in
their use6,7.
One such herbal drug with various applications is Argemone Mexicana. The word
„Argemone’ is derived from the Greek argena, which means 'cataract of the eye', and this
name was used in the first century AD by Dioscorides (AD 40-90) and Pliny (AD 23- 79) for
some spiny poppies (the juice of which was supposedly a cure for cataract); mexicana is a
combination of Mexico with Latin suffix ana, suggesting the name of country of origin8.
It is commonly known as Mexican poppy. It is also called Shialkanta, Satyanashi (hindi),
Svarnaksiri (Sanskrit), Ji ying su (Chinese), Goatweed, Mexican prickly-poppy, Mexican
thistle, prickly poppy, yellow prickly poppy, yellow thistle (English)9, 10,11.
Novus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 2012, 1(3)
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Taxonomic position
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Spermatophyta
Class: Dicotyledonae
Family: Papaveraceae8
Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Subphylum: Angiospermae
Order: Papaverales
Description
Argemone is a coarse „erect herb’ with milk sap and prickly stems and leaves;
leaves somewhat irregularly pinnate lobed and serrate, glaucous, the edges crisped-undulate,
each tooth spinose; flowers sessile, yellow, showy, up to 6 cm broad ; or „annual herb’ with
stems 2.5-10 dm long, branched, sparsely to moderately covered with
prickles; leaves glaucous, oblong-oblanceolate, pinnately lobed, 1/2-3/4 to midrib, both
surfaces sparsely covered with prickles along veins, margins somewhat sinuate-dentate, the
teeth tipped with a prickle, sessile, upper ones usually somewhat clasping the stem;
buds subglobose, 1.2-1.6 cm long, sparsely prickly; sepal horns terete, 5-10 mm long; petals
bright yellow, 1.7-3 cm long; stamens 30-50; ovary 4-6-carpellate; capsules oblong to
broadly ellipsoid, 3-4.2 cm long, each valve with 9-15 prickles, the longest one 7-10 mm
long; seeds numerous, 1.2-1.5 mm in diameter9.
Habitat/ecology
It is a plant adapted for a very wide range of habitats. It mainly grows at sea level, though
also found at an elevation of 2,900 m in Tanzania. It is found on various soil types, on
cultivated ground, in pastures, in fence rows, on stony ridges, along roads, in waste places,
and on bare soil. It seems to prefer moist sites, growing freely along rivers in Australia and
following sandy riverbeds in southern Africa8.
Major hosts
Gossypium (cotton), Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum),
Triticum aestivum (wheat), Zea mays (maize)8
Minor hosts
Agave sisalana (sisal hemp), Arachis hypogaea (groundnut), Coffea (coffee), Medicago
sativa (lucerne), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane), Solanum
tuberosum (potato)8
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION AND SPREAD
A. mexicana has been introduced accidentally (seed contaminant) or as an ornamental. Little
is known about the history of its introduction and spread around the world. By 1814 it was
the commonest weed of St Helena and was first recorded on Ascension in 1828. In New
Zealand, it was accidentally introduced with imported wheat in the 1890s. The plant was
introduced to Hawaii as an ornamental and was first recorded in 1934. It was reported that the
plant was still relatively uncommon and suspected that it may become problematic in the
future. In the Czech Republic, it was first reported occurrence in the wild in 1965 but appears
to have become extinct8,12,13.
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BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY
Genetics
A. mexicana is a diploid species, 2n=28. A. ochroleuca is a tetraploid (2n=56). The
occurrence of 5% of triploids (2n=42) in a population of A. ochroleuca suggest the possibility
of a natural hybridization between these genetically close species8,14.
Reproductive Biology
The physiology of seed production and germination varies throughout the world. Mauritius
reports the greatest seed production with an average of 60 to 90 capsules per plant with 300
to 400 seeds in each capsule. Seeds are dormant when shed and have an after-ripening period
of several weeks or months. In eastern Africa and Australia, seeds germinate at any time of
year if moisture is available but, in Mauritius, germination only occurs in the cooler months.
In India also, it has been noted that germination occurs late in the season, with low night
temperatures. Most seeds fall around the base of the parent plant where they form a carpet of
seedlings. Dispersal occurs in surface water and in mud adhering to farm machinery and the
feet of man and livestock. Seeds are readily eaten by a number of bird species in Puerto Rico
as indicated by the presence of many seeds of the species in birds' stomachs. In Ethiopia,
most seeds do not normally germinate the year after shedding. Instead they enter the seed
bank and seedlings establish, even in well maintained field, probably for many years8,15.
Environmental Requirements
It tends to grow best in soils of low fertility and, in Australia, is peculiarly adapted to
colonise derelict areas low in phosphorus. A. mexicana is better suited to grow at sites
deficient in nitrogen whereas the closely related A. ochroleuca does better where phosphorus
is limiting. However, neither species appear to have obvious restriction to particular
agronomic or environmental situations. In southern India it occurs up to an altitude of 800 m.
When growing in undisturbed land, it can produce fresh weights of 6-9 t/ha but, in cultivated
land, it is generally not an aggressive competitor8,15,16.
Seed dormancy
Majority of seeds normally do not germinate during their first season after shedding, but
instead enter into the seed bank, thus producing seedlings, even in a well-maintained field,
probably for several years17.
NATURAL ENEMIES
A bacterial wilt, Xanthomonas papavericola [X. campestris pv. papavericola], periodically
checks the growth of A. mexicana, in some areas but there is a dearth of information on
natural enemies of this weed8.
DISEASE OF ARGEMONE
A bacterial disease inciting leaf-spot and blighting of A.mexicana has been studied. The
casual organism has been identified as an undescribed species of Xanthomonas, on the basis
of cultural studies and cross-inoculation experiments. The pathogen is host specific and over
summers chiefly in diseased plant debris and as seed-borne infection18.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ARGEMONE SEED OIL
The physico-chemical properties of the oil are directly related to their lipids and glyceride
compositions. So, knowledge on the compositional factors is very essential in connection
with the properties19. Following are the data for the physico-chemical properties of A.
mexicana oil collected from three different places of Bangladesh:
Novus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 2012, 1(3)
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Table I: Physico-chemical properties of A. mexicana seed oil ± SE20
Physical and chemical properties
Percentage of oil
Moisture and volatile matter (%)
Specific gravity at 28oC
Refractive Index at 28oC
Free fatty acid as oleic (%)
Iodine value
Saponification value
Unsaponifiable matter (%)
Peroxide value meqv./kg
Rajshahi
35±0.0348
4.5±0.047
0.920± 0.001
1.4580±0.005
5.2±0.0577
118±1.527
188±0.5575
1.5±0.115
1.20±0.112
Origin
Pabna
34.8±0.0345
4.2±0.042
0.918±0.001
1.4579±0.005
5.1±0.0570
118±1.527
187.5±0.5573
1.2±0.112
1.18±0.110
Dinajpur
34.5±0.0343
4.3±0.045
0.921±0.001
1.4581±0.005
5.2±0.0.75
119±1.528
187.8±0.5575
1.3±1.11
1.21±0.112
Table II: Glycerides, lipids and fatty acids of A. mexicana seed oil (%) ±SE20
Compositions
Mono-glyceride
Di-glyceride
Tri-glyceride
FFA
Neutral lipid
Glycolipid
Phospholipid
Saturated fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty
acid
Rajshahi
1.8±0.115
2.5±0.172
90.3±0.057
5.2±0057
92.3±0.252
5.8±0.117
1.5±0.100
14.2±0.055
84.8±0.5775
Pabna
1.5±0.112
2.3±0.170
90.1±0.054
5.1±0.055
92.1±0.250
5.5±0.113
1.7±0.115
14.5±0.057
84.2±0.5772
Dinajpur
1.7±0.114
2.8±0.175
90.2±0.055
5.0±0.053
92.2±0.251
5.7±0.115
1.7±0.115
14.4±0.055
84.3±0.5773
Table III: Fatty acids compositions of A. mexicana seed oil ±SE20
Fatty acids
Oleic acid
Linoleic acid
Palmetic acd
Ricinoleic acid
Weight percent
23.00±0.05877
58.00±0.05773
7.00±0.1877
10.00±0.02023
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
A. mexicana consist of two benzophenanthridine-type alkaloids, N-demethyloxysanguinarine
and pancorine; three benzylisoquinoline-type alkaloids, (+)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(2hydroxymethyl3,4-dimethoxyphenylmethyl)-6,7-methylenedioxyisoquinoline,
(+)higenamine and (+)-reticuline; four quaternary isoquinoline alkaloids, dehydrocorydalmine,
jatrorrhizine, columbamine, and oxyberberine. In addition, six known non-alkaloidal
compounds are also reported21,22,23.
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PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Antibacterial
Bacteriostatic efficacy of 16 crude extracts derived from different parts of A. mexicana has
been analyzed by Vivek et al on enteropathogenic bacteria such as Klebisella oxytoca, Vibrio
damsella, Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli24. Santosh et al and Indranil et al
showed that the chloroform and methanolic extracts of A. Mexicana have activity against
both gram positive and gram negative bacteria25,26. Rahman et al studied that the acetone
extract, ethyl acetate extract and petroleum ether extract of A. mexicana have potential as an
antimicrobial agent against bacterial isolates originated from drinking water27.
Anticancer
The use of natural substances to inhibit carcinogenesis is a rapidly evolving aspect of cancer
research. Rajesh et al investigated that the ethanolic extract of A. mexicana, was more
effective against selected microbial strains28. Kiranmayi et al related the anti cancer effects of
methanol extract of A. mexicana leaves to their content of flavonoids and validates the
traditional use of the plant in management of Cancer29. Jana et al stated that the Sanguinarine
and chelerythrine alkaloids not only good candidates for chemotherapeutic regimens but may
also contribute to the development of successful immune therapies of some carcinomas due
to their apoptotic potential30.
Antimalarial
A classic way of delaying drug resistance is to use an alternative when possible. Bertrend et
al tested the malaria treatment A. mexicana decoction (AM), a validated self-prepared
traditional medicine made with one widely available plant and safe across wide dose
variations. In view of the low rate of severe malaria and good tolerability, AM may also
constitute a first-aid treatment when access to other antimalarials is delayed31
Antimicrobial
Singh et al evaluated antimicrobial properties of biologically synthesized nanoparticles of A.
mexicana weed leaf. Osho et al concluded that the observable inhibition on selected bacteria
and fungi by essential oil of A. mexicana makes it a promising alternative for the development
of an indigenous antimicrobial agent32,33.
Novus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 2012, 1(3)
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Antioxidant activity
Perumal P et al reported that A. mexicana Linn root could be a potential source of natural
antioxidant, that could have greater importance as therapeutic agent in preventing or slowing
oxidative stress related degenerative diseases34.
Antitrichomonal activity
M.M. Dahab et al showed that whole plants of A. mexicana extracted by methanol,
chloroform and water can be used for its trichomonacidal activities in vitro. Their studies
conducted for A. Mexicana, proved that it has potent activities against T. vaginalis35.
Hepatoprotective
S.I.Y Adam et al carried out studies on Wistar rats to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of
A. mexicana aerial part extracts against CCL4 induced acute liver damages36
Neurological
(i) Analgesic
A. mexicana reported that the ethanolic extract has very good peripheral activity and
significant analgesic activity in comparison to the Aspirin. The presence of flavanoids in the
extract may be contributory to its analgesic activity37,38.
(ii) Catalapsy
Preliminary phytochemical investigation of petroleum ether, chloroform, acetone, methanol
and aqueous extract of leaves of A. mexicana by Sneha et al shows the presence of sterols,
flavanoids, tannins, glycosides and alkaloids. These extracts have anticataleptic activity.
Leaves of A. mexicana were traditionally used as antiasthamatic, this antihistaminic activity
may be due to polar constituents of A. mexicana 39.
Wound healing
G.K. Dash et al reported that the petroleum ether, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts
of the leaves of A. Mexicana have wound healing activity in rats40.
AFFECTS ON PLANTS
Allelopathy
Weeds are considered unwanted plants that cause damage to agricultural crop plants. They
compete with crops, harbour diseases and insects and act as alternate host when present in the
fields. A. mexicana. is a notorious weed and is found growing abundantly along with many
crop plants. Little work has been done to evaluate its allelopathic effect. Molisch (1973)
coined the term allelopathy which refers to all the biochemical interactions (stimulatory or
inhibitory) among the plants. Paul et al studied the allelopathic effect of A. mexicana on
germination and seeding growth characteristics of lentil, Blackgram, Rapseed, and
Wheat41,42,43. Shaukat et al studied that A. mexicana resulted in decreased density of M.
javanicain the rhizosphere and in tomato roots, suppressed galling rates and enhanced plant
growth44.
USES
(1) A. mexicana methyl ester showed closer physical property to diesel, in comparison to
the commercial diesel fuel, transe-methylated A. Mexicana have better fuel properties
45,46
.
Novus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 2012, 1(3)
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(2) Extracts of the leaves, flowers and seeds of A. mexicana can be used against insect
pests, crop pathogens and nematodes.
(3) Aqueous extracts have been tested with success against tropical hen louse, Lipeurus
lawrensis tropicalis.
(4) Medicinal properties have been attributed to the sap and oil from the seed. In the
Guianas the whole plant is used as an infusion against asthma. The root is taken in
rum and cognac for stomach pain. Sap from the cut end of the stem is applied to
cavities as a treatment for toothache. Children having difficulty with urination are
given infusions of petals. In India (Madhya Pradesh) it is reported to be a
homeopathic drug. In West Africa it is used as a cosmetic, i.e. a washing milk.
(5) In East Africa, the seeds are ground and put into beer or tea to increase their potency
and cause drunkenness.
(6) In India, A. mexicana seeds are added to mustard oil in very small quantities, to
increase its pungency8.
(7) The seed oil has been used for lighting and has also provided an ingredient in the
manufacture of soap. In Mexico it has been used to make furniture polish (it is
understood to have repellent qualities for white ants).
(8) In the past some authorities claim that the root was used as cotton spools11.
POISONING
A.A. EL Gamal et al reported that Albino rats received A. mexicana seed, seed oil and
ethanolic seed extracts at dose of 50mg/kg suffered hyperae-sthesia, inappetence, intermittent
diarrhea, emaciation and decrease in body weight. Hepatorenal lesions accompanied with
increase in serum GOT activity and urea concentration were the pathological findings in
rats47. Sanghvi et al studied Cardiovascular manifestations in 11 patients with argemone oil
poisoning48.
Norton et al reported that Argemone Mexicana seed produced growth depression, oedema
and death when fed at 1% and 3% of a basal ration to day-old, layer strain, cockerel chickens.
The mortality rate was increased by raising the sodium chloride content of the basal ratio
from 0.18% to 1.68%. Clinical signs consisted of subcutaneous oedema, a high pitched chirp
and terminal gasping. Hydropericardium, oedema of the lungs, and subcutaneous oedema of
the thorax, abdomen, wings, neck and throat were the major lesions. Foci of calcification
were present in the ventricular myocardium of some chickens fed 3%A. mexicana49.
Toxicity of Argemone Oil for Man
In the various outbreaks, the Indian investigators found that the mustard oil used by the
victims in their diet was contaminated with quantities of argemone oil varying from 1.05.7%. The victims had consumed on an average 1/2 to 3/4 oz of the contaminated mustard oil
daily for 10 days or longer. Pasricha and his co-workers14 state that the amount of argemone
oil necessary to produce toxic effects in man is approximately 0.88 c.c. per 100 gm. of bodyweight50.
Adulteration of argemone
Adulteration is the term used for substitution of genuine raw material with inferior or toxic
materials. Adulteration of A. mexicana seed oil is widely observed in edible oils, which may
lead to the epidemic dropsy. Alkaloids Sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine are the toxic
principles present in Argemone oil51-54.
Novus International Journal of Pharmaceutical Technology 2012, 1(3)
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CONCLUSION
As different studies suggest that A. Mexicana can be used for treating a wide variety of
diseases, so it is of great importance for future treatments and also open the doors for the new
researches on it.
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