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Department of Botany, DAV College, Jalandhar (PB.)
BOTANY
Lab Manual
BSc.- I Biotech
Semester II
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Department of Botany, DAV College, Jalandhar (PB.)
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
Ageratum conyzoides
Habit: An annual herb, cultivated or wild.
Root: Branched tap root.
Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, solid, hairy, and herbaceous.
Leaf: Cauline and ramal, exstipulate, petiolate, opposite, simple, ovate, serrate, acute apex,
hairy, reticulate unicostate.
Inflorescence: Capitulum, the capitula are arranged in a corymbose manner; corymbose
terminal; capitula homogamous and composed of large no. of violet; sessile and ebracteate;
bisexual and actinomorphic florets; involucral bracts green, linear acute and striate; 2-3 seriate.
Flower: Ebracteolate, sessile, complete, actinomorphic, bisexual, epigynous, pentamerous,
cyclic, violet.
Calyx: Five, gamosepalous, reduced, green, superior.
Corolla: Five, gamopetalous, tubular, five toothed, valvate, superior, violet, regular.
Androecium: Five, synantherous, epipetalous, filaments short, anthers long, basifixed,
bithecous, base obtuse, appendaged at the top; dehiscence longitudinal introrse.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, unilocular, basal placentation, style long,
divided into two elongate arms, stigmas long; blunt and flattened at the tip with very short hair,
stigmatic papillae in marginal rows.
Fruit: Five angled black cypsela with pappus of five short and connate scales; scales awned,
often serrate below.
Seed: Non-endospermic.
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Sonchus oleraceous
Habit: A wild annual herb, with milky juice.
Root: A branched tap root.
Stem: Aerial, erect, sub-umbellately branched, herbaceous, cylindrical, hollow, glabrous, green,
with milky juice.
Leaf: Radical, cauline and ramal, exstipulate, sessile, auriculate, auricula pointed,
alternate,simple, lanceolate, dentate or pinnatifid, teeth long ,pointed and hairy; apex acute;
reticulate unicostate ; green.
Inflorescence: Homogamous capitula arranged in umbellate manner, involucral bracts many
seriate, green; glabrous; outer smaller; flowers sessile; bisexual; ligulate and zygomorphic.
Flower: Ebracteate, sessile, complete, zygomorphic, bisexual, epigynous, cyclic, thalamus hairy,
flowers yellow.
Calyx: Numerous, hairy, white, slightly connate at the base, superior, persistent, many seriate.
Corolla: Five, gamopetalous, ligulate, strap-shaped, five toothed, yellow, superior.
Androecium: Five, epipetalous, synantherous, filaments short, anthers longer, slightly
dorsifixed, saggitate at the base, bithecous, dehiscence longitudinal introrse.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, unilocular, basal placentation, ovule single; style
long, simple, stigma bifid.
Fruit: Flattened cypsela with 3 prominent ribs and pappus of much hair. Hair simple unbranched
many seriate and united into ring below.
Seed: Non-endospermic.
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Ranunculus muricatus
Habit: An erect, annual wild herb grows in moist shady places like river and canal banks.
Root: Primary tap root perishes and replaced by fibrous adventitious roots arising from the base
of stem.
Stem: Reduced and bears a whorl of radical leaves; flowering axis is erect, stout, cylindrical,
hollow, branched, green, herbaceous, hairy and glabrous.
Leaves: Radical, cauline and ramal, alternate, exstipulate, alternate, petiolate, petioles long in
radical leaves, leaf base expanded, whitish and sheathing, simple, palmatifid, multicostate,
reticulate, herbaceous, glabrous.
Inflorescence: flowers are arranged in leaf opposed cymes, solitary terminal condition is also
found in some cases.
Flower: Bracteate, ebracteolate, pedicillate, pedicel hairy, complete, bisexual, spirocyclic,
actinomorphic, hypogynous, pentamerous in outer two whorls, thalamus elongated and convex.
Calyx: 5, free, green when young, polysepalous, imbricate aestivation, odd sepal posterior,
sepals bear a few long hyaline, pointed and multicellular hair on outside, these hair are
characteristically positioned on backs of sepals and usually 3-7 in no. rarely more.
Corolla: 5, polypetalous, bright yellow, shining towards inner side and dull towards outer side,
choripetalous, regular, obovate, alternisepalous, imbricate rarely valvate, each with a pocket
shaped nectary at the base of the upper surface, distinctly veined, inferior.
Androecium: Indefinite, polyandrous, spirally arranged on an elongated thalamus, centripetal
filaments long, anthers basifixed, bithecous, yellow, dehiscence by longitudinal slits, extrorse,
pollen grains spherical, yellow.
Gynoecium: polycarpellary, apocarpous, spirally arranged on thalamus, unilocular, uniovuled,
superior ovary, ovary wall tuberculate and not hairy style single and short, stigma beaked.
Fruit: Etaerio of achenes. Achenes flattened and bear tubercles on the pericarp.
Seed: Endospermic, embryo small and straight, endosperm copious.
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Delphinium ajacis
Habit: Ornamental, annual herb.
Root: Branched and fibrous tap root.
Stem: Herbaceous, green, erect, cylindrical, hairy,solid.
Leaves: Ramal and cauline, alternate, exstipulate, sessile, simple, pinnatisect, leaves linear with
acute apex, hairy.
Inflorescence: simple, typical raceme.
Flower: Bracteate, pedicillate, complete, perfect, bisexual, zygomorphic, spurred hypogynous,
two bracteolate.
Calyx: 4/5, free, polysepalous, petaloid, violet, posterior sepal produced into a long and straight
spur, imbricate, inferior.
Corolla: 4, gamopetalous, tetrafid, 2 large petals enclose essential organs while the two smaller
posterior ones mare produced into a long honey containing spur which projects into spur formed
by posterior sepal, anterior petal missing, nectary lodged at the tip of spur.
Androecium: Indefinite, polyandrous, spirally arranged in five groups of 3 stamens each
alternating with the petals, filaments flattened, anthers basifixed, dehiscence longitudinal
extrorse.
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, superior, unilocular, marginal placentation, style short but curved,
stigma simple, capitate or hairy.
Fruit: a Follicle.
Seed: Endospermic with small embryo.
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Triticum aestivum
Habit: It is a cultivated cereal crop; annual; herbaceous.
Root: Fibrous, adventitious.
Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, distinctly jointed, hollow, herbaceous, a no. of tillers or stem
arise from ground, glabrous.
Leaves: Radical in young plants, cauline in older ones, exstipulate, ligulate, leaf bases sheathing,
sheath not completely encircling the stem but longitudinally split opposite the insertion of
lamina, alternate, simple, entire, linear, rough, apex acute, green, parallel multicostate,
convergent.
Inflorescence: Spike of spikelets, the spikelet has 3-5 florets enveloped by two glumes, lemma
5-6 nerved, awned, palea keel or boat shaped.
Flower: Bracteates, bracteolate, sessile, zygomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous, cyclic, small and
inconspicuous, including glumes.
Androecium: Stamens three, free, filaments long, anthers basifixed, bithecous, dehiscence
longitudinal extrose.
Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular with a single basal ovule. Ovary is
hairy, style absent, stigma lateral and feathery arising from the wall of the ovary, terminal in
position.
Fruit: Caryopsis
Seed: Endospermic.
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Coriandrum sativum
Habit: An annual herb cultivated for its fruits and leaves.
Root: a Branched tap root.
Stem: Aerial, erect, cylindrical, branched, hollow, herbaceous, glabrous, green, aromatic.
Leaf: Cauline and ramal, exstipulate, leaf base sheathing, petiolate or sub sessile, leaves
decompound with upper segments linear, alternate, green, glabrous, the leaflets may be 2-3
lobed, lobe may be linear, ovate or lanceolate.
Inflorescence: a compound umbel, involucre and involucel of bracts present.
Flower: Ebracteate, ebracteolate, pedicillate, complete, outer flowers zygomorphic, inner ones
are actinomorphic, bisexual, epigynous, pentamerous, cyclic, white.
Calyx: 5, Gamosepalous, 5 toothed, valvate, superior, slightly petaloid.
Corolla: 5, Choripetalous, petals bifid at apex, unequal in the outer flowers, the two posterior
petals smaller than the three anterior ones; imbricate; white; superior; the petals are equal sized
in inner whorls of umbel.
Androecium: 5, free, alternipatalous, filaments as lomg as the petals or slightly shorter; anthers
dorsifixed; bithecous; dehiscence longitudinal introrse.
Gynoecium: Bicarpellary, syncarpous, inferior, bilocular, each loculus with one pendulous
ovule, ovary placed antero-posteriorly; styles two; terminating the stylopodium which is a
bilobed nectar secreting disc located at the base of the style; capitate.
Fruit: sub globulus cremocarp with less prominent ridges; with vittae or oil cavities under the
secondary ridges.
Seed: Endospermic.
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MORPHO-ECONOMIC NOTES
Brassica campestris
Morphology: The genus is native in the wild in western Europe, the Mediterranean and
temperate regions of Asia and many wild species grow as weeds, especially in North America,
South America, and Australia.Annual herb; root tuberous or fusiform; stem erect, stout, simple
of branched, 30-100 cm high; leaves alternate, petioled, large, more or less pinnatifid; raceme or
corymb; flowers yellow, pedicellate, tetramerous; siliquas 3.7-7.5 cm, glabrous; seeds small, pale
or dark, smooth. Flowers contain flavonol glycoside brassicoside. Seeds contain epi-progoitrinmajor thioglucoside.
Economic importance: Almost all parts of some species or other have been developed for food,
including the root (rutabaga, turnips), stems (kohlrabi), leaves (cabbage, collard greens), flowers
(cauliflower, broccoli), buds (Brussels sprouts, cabbage), and seeds (many, including mustard
seed, and oil-producing rapeseed). Some forms with white or purple foliage or flower heads are
also sometimes grown for ornament. Brassica species are sometimes used as food plants by the
larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species.
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Ocimum sanctum
Morphology: Ocimum sanctum, or holy basil, is an aromatic plant that is native to the tropics of
Asia and Africa, and is widespread as a cultivated plant and weed. It is a small shrub with many
branches and strongly scented green leaves. The leaves are ovate and slightly toothed. The
flowers are purplish to white. There are two main types grown in India, green-leaved holy basil
(Sri Tulsi) and purple-leaved holy basil (Krishna Tulsi).The plant is a shrub reaching a height of
0.5 to 1.5 m. The leaves are 2-4 cms in length. There are several varieties of the plant. However,
commonly used one is with dark leaves. The inflorescence is a long spike with tiny purple
flowers.
Economic importance: O. sanctum is cultivated for medical and religious purposes and for its
essential oil. In particular, it has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine for
various types of healing. O. sanctum is considered an adaptogen, balancing the processes of the
body and allowing it to adapt to stressful situations. It is regarded as an elixir of life and is
believed to promote longevity. O. sanctum is used to treat common colds, headaches, stomach
disorders, inflammation, heart disease, poisoning and malaria. Recent studies have also shown
that O. sanctum contains high levels of eugenol and therefore is effective as a painkiller. The
plant has also been shown to reduce blood glucose levels, making it an effective treatment for
diabetes. It even lowers cholesterol, and may also be helpful in protecting individuals from
radiation poisoning and cataracts.
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Pisum sativum
Morphology: A pea is a most commonly green, occasionally purple or golden yellow, podshaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as
soon as the soil temperature reaches 10 °C (50 °F), with the plants growing best at temperatures
of 13 to 18 °C (55 to 64 °F). They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and
lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler, high altitude, tropical areas. Peas have
both low-growing and vining cultivars. The vining cultivars grow thin tendrils from leaves that
coil around any available support and can climb to be 1–2 m high. A traditional approach to
supporting climbing peas is to thrust branches pruned from trees or other woody plants upright
into the soil, providing a lattice for the peas to climb. Branches used in this fashion are
sometimes called pea brush.
Economic importance: peas are usually boiled or steamed, which breaks down the cell walls
and makes the taste sweeter and the nutrients more bioavailable. Along with broad beans and
lentils, these formed an important part of the diet of most people in the Middle East, North
Africa and Europe. The immature peas (and in snow peas the tender pod as well) are used as a
vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned; varieties of the species typically called field peas are grown to
produce dry peas like the split pea shelled from the matured pod. These are the basis of pease
porridge and pea soup, staples of medieval cuisine.
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Coriandrum sativum
Morphology: Coriander is an annual herb in the family Apiaceae. Coriander is native to regions
spanning from southern Europe and North Africa to southwestern Asia. It is a soft plant growing
to 50 cm (20 in) tall. The leaves are variable in shape, broadly lobed at the base of the plant, and
slender and feathery higher on the flowering stems. The flowers are borne in small umbels, white
or very pale pink, asymmetrical, with the petals pointing away from the centre of the umbel
longer (5–6 mm or 0.20–0.24 in) than those pointing toward it (only 1–3 mm or 0.039–0.118 in
long). The fruit is a globular, dry schizocarp 3–5 mm (0.12–0.20 in) in diameter. Although
sometimes eaten alone, the seeds are often used as a spice or an added ingredient in other foods.
Economic importance: All parts of the plant are edible, but the fresh leaves and the dried seeds
are the parts most traditionally used in cooking. Coriander is common in South Asian, Southeast
Asian, Indian, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, Portuguese, Chinese, African, cuisines. Coriander,
like many spices, contains phytochemicals which may delay or prevent the spoilage of food
seasoned with this spice. The fresh leaves are an ingredient in many Indian foods (such as
chutneys and salads); in Chinese and Thai dishes; in Mexican cooking, particularly in salsa and
guacamole and as a garnish; and in salads in Russia and other CIS countries. Chopped coriander
leaves are a garnish on Indian dishes such as dal. The dry fruits are known as coriander seeds. In
Indian cuisine they are called dhania. It is commonly found both as whole dried seeds and in
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ground form. Roasting or heating the seeds in a dry pan heightens the flavour, aroma and
pungency. Ground coriander seed loses flavour quickly in storage and is best ground fresh.
Coriander seed is a spice in garam masala and Indian curries which often employ the ground
fruits in generous amounts together with cumin, acting as a thickener. Coriander seeds are also
used in brewing certain styles of beer, particularly some Belgian wheat beers.
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Triticum aestivum
Morphology: An annual, largely hairless grass, producing a spike (flowering and fruiting part)
on each of its 1–5 culms (stems). Height is variable, from about 1.2–1.5 m for 1930s cultivars to
about 85 cm for most modern cultivars, with a simultaneous strengthening of the culm so as to
bear the increased weight (resulting from the increased grain yield) of the spike. Culms (stems):
Hollow with hairless or hairy nodes. Each culm bearing around six leaves with blades up to 20
mm wide and up to 35 cm long. Spikes (flowering and fruiting parts): Up to 15 cm long, almost
square in cross-section, with 2–5 rudimentary spikelets (clustered units of flowers and bracts) at
the base of 10–25 fertile spikelets (of which the number and density in the spike varies greatly
among cultivars).Glumes (empty bracts that enclose the spikelet) are keeled in the upper half, the
keel extending into a tooth. Lemmas (bracts) are toothed or awned; when awned these increasing
in length up to around 13 cm near the apex of the spike.
Economic importance: Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human
food, having a higher protein content than other major cereals, maize (corn) or rice. In terms of
total production tonnages used for food, it is currently second to rice as the main human food
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crop and ahead of maize, after allowing for maize's more extensive use in animal feeds. Wheat is
planted to a limited extent as a forage crop for livestock, although the straw cannot be used as
feed. Its straw can be used as a construction material for roofing thatch. The whole grain can be
milled to leave just the endosperm for white flour. The by-products of this are bran and germ.
The whole grain is a concentrated source of vitamins, minerals, and protein, while the refined
grain is mostly starch.
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