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Queseria Creek Plant Directory Growth Patterns and Propagation Techniques for Plants Used in Re-vegetating Queseria Creek For Swanton Pacific Ranch Davenport, CA Compiled by: Alicia Moss and Ben Jansen The purpose of this packet is to help identify, propagate, and harvest native plants for the Queseria Creek restoration project. Please feel free to add additional information such as pictures, references, propagation techniques, etc. to the packet to help future students/staff with revegetation efforts. Acer macrophyllum Big Leaf Maple Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Stream banks, moist canyons, and floodplains Propagation: Collect seedlings, or softwood cuttings; Collect seedlings no greater than 3 ft. in height, which generally grow directly around the parent plant; Collect cuttings of young shoots from June-July which should have 2 - 3 pairs of leaves, plus one pair of buds at the base. Remove a very thin slice of bark at the base of the cutting, rooting is improved if a rooting hormone is used. The rooted cuttings must show new growth during the summer before being potted up otherwise they are unlikely to survive the winter. Growth Requirements: Moist, well-drained clay soils, medium water requirements, can be exposed to sun or shade Acer negundo California Box Elder Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Moist woods, stream banks, floodplanes Propagation: Cuttings of young shoots in June or July. The cuttings should have 2 - 3 pairs of leaves, plus one pair of buds at the base. Remove a very thin slice of bark at the base of the cutting, rooting is improved if a rooting hormone is used. The rooted cuttings must show new growth during the summer before being potted up otherwise they are unlikely to survive the winter. The cuttings of this species usually root easily. Growth Requirements: Partial shade or full sun; tolerates most soil types but does well in clay and sandy soils, moist to well-drained soil drainage Adiantum aleuticum Five-Fingered Fern Leaf Retention: Semi-evergreen Habitat: Shady, moist soils and stream banks Propagation: Division; allow fern to get roots established in large pot with ample irrigation Growth Requirements: Moist to well-drained soil drainage, partial to full shade Adiantum jordanii Maidenhair Fern Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Often grow in rock crevices, in partial to fully shaded moist woods Propagation: Division; allow fern to get roots established in large pot with ample irrigation Growth Requirements: Moist to well-drained soil drainage, partial to full shade Aesculus californica California Buckeye Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Dry slopes and canyons below 4000 ft., riparian corridors, and foothill woodlands Propagation: Collect seed directly after they drop in fall to early winter (Sept.1-Dec.1). There are a variety of recommendations for how to pretreat the seeds but many consistent recommendations include: 1) It’s imperative to not let the seed dry out so either soak in water for a maximum of 24 hrs. before planting, or soak and place seeds in a sterile, sealed plastic freezer bag and place in refrigerator until radicle emerges 2) Plant either one seed per container or plant 3-5 seeds together directly into the ground 3) Plant seed with scar pointed downward at a depth equivalent to the diameter of the seed Growth Requirements: Moist, well drained loamy soils; water plantings regularly but don’t overwater; prefers sun and dry conditions Alnus rubra Red Alder Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Moist soils near streams and/ or at low slopes Propagation: Cuttings of mature wood, taken as soon as the leaves fall in fall; propagate in sandy soils Growth Requirements: Requires high water usage and damp clay soils; benefits of this plant are that it 1) has a fast growth rate and 2) this species has a symbiotic relationship with certain soil micro-organisms that form nodules on the roots of the plants and fix atmospheric nitrogen; prefers heavy clay soils; wind resistant and does well in exposed sites Arbutus menziesii Pacific Madrone Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Exposed or wooded slopes and canyons below 5000 ft.; often on dry, well-drained slopes Propagation: May be difficult to transplant softwood cuttings; cuttings in November through December in a frame Growth Requirements: Requires lime-free, nutrient-rich and well-drained, moisture-retentive soil in sun or partial shade and shelter from wind, especially when young; they dislike being transplanted and should be placed in their final positions as soon as possible and give them some protection in their first winter outdoors (in a greenhouse until the last frosts in spring) Artemisia californica Sagebrush Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Full sun; near coastal areas; dry slopes Propagation: Collect seeds between October and January; collect brown to dark brown seeds and pull achenes out of seed head to ensure maturity (not green); keep seeds dry and refrigerated; surface sow seed in greenhouse April 1st; should germinate three weeks after sowing; transplant into larger containers three weeks after germination occurs, and then place in shade house for five weeks to get completely established Growth Requirements: Drought tolerant; prefers full sun and dry to moist soil; does not require irrigation during dry months Asarum caudatum Wild Ginger Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Extremely shaded and moist pine or redwood forests Propagation: Clump division in spring or fall. It is best to pot the divisions and keep them in light shade in the greenhouse until they are growing away strongly. Growth Requirements: Partial to full shade and requires consistently moist soils Athyrium filix-femina var. cyclosporum Lady Fern Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Forested areas, wet meadows, marshes Propagation: Division; allow fern to get roots established in large pot with ample irrigation Growth Requirements: Prefers wet, moist soils and full to partial shade; Carex obnupta Slough Sedge Leaf Retention: Perennial Habitat: Moist low elevations or high forested wetlands; commonly found in marshes, bogs, wet meadows, lakeshores, and stream banks Propagation: Collect seeds in late summer to early fall--sow seeds on medium flat in spring and allow seeds 30 days to germinate--then transfer seedlings to individual containers; best to collect young plants as direct transplants in the fall where you can then place them in large containers to get them established and later divide OR collect division clumps in spring. Growth Requirements: Able to tolerate fluctuating water availability; can form dense stands in standing water; prefer full sun. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Ceanothus (Blue Blossom Ceanothus) Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Wooded slopes and canyons, evergreen forests, and riparian areas Propagation: Cuttings; best not to cut any wood thicker than a pencil; cuttings of half-ripe wood taken at a node between July and August; it is best to plant the cuttings in pots in spring Growth Requirements: Prefers sandy to loamy well-drained soils; full sun to partial shade; dislikes root disturbance so plant directly in permanent location; benefits are 1)fast growing and 2) sometimes have a symbiotic relationship with certain soil micro-organisms which enable the absorbance of soil nutrients Cornus sericea Dogwood Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Riparian corridors, lakeshores, and wooded or exposed moist soils Propagation: Cuttings or seed; cuttings of half-ripe side shoots in July and August; Cuttings of mature wood of the current year's growth, taken with a heel (new wood and old wood) if possible in autumn in a cold frame; half-ripe cuttings in July to August. Growth Requirements: Requires sun to partial shade;and clay moist soils Cyperus eragrostis Tall Cyperus Leaf Retention: “Stress Decidous” Habitat: Grows in/around seasonal creeks and moist soilsi; can be a native invasive Propagation: Division; dig clumps out and plant directly to permanent location or allow roots to establish in large potting containers before transplanting Growth Requirements: Gaultheria shallon Salal Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Moist and shaded conditions in coastal regions; coastal woods or brushy areas Propagation: Cuttings of half-ripe wood 3 - 6cm long from July to August in a frame in a shady position. They form roots in late summer or spring; division in spring when new growth is about 7cm tall. Divided plants can be rather slow to get established so pot up the clumps and grow them on in a shady position in a cold frame until they are rooting well and transplant to permanent location in spring. Growth Requirements: Full to partial shade so plant under existing trees; moist soil conditions; grows well in sandy or peaty, lime-free soils; must have summer fog or shade Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Dry, brushy slopes, foothills, and canyons in the vicinity of streams Propagation: Cuttings of half-ripe wood in July through August in a frame; switch into individual pots when they’re 10-15 cm. long and keep in shade in a cold frame or greenhouse; plant in permanent position is summer Growth Requirements: Sun to partial shade; water regularly but don’t over water; prefers drier soil moisture but well drained; toyon are drought resistant; can exhibit allelopathic tendencies Holodiscus discolor Oceanspray (Cream Brush) Leaf Retention: Habitat: Riparian areas, and moist woods and canyons Propagation: Collect seed in fall in soils with abundant drainage and allow them to grow a full season before transplanting them directly into the ground. Cuttings are possible but extremely difficult to propagate. Growth Requirements: Water regularly but do not over water; requires partial to no shade and moist soils; has a shallow root system so is ideal to plant in areas with a shallow topsoil; is drought tolerant and can thrive in poor soils Iris douglasiana Douglas Iris Leaf Retention: Herbaceous Perennial (Evergreen) Habitat: Open, grassy slopes and flats near the coast and open woodlands. Propagation: Division of rhizomes, tubers, corms or bulbs (seed collection is not available for this plant) Growth Requirements: Full sun near the coast, afternoon shade inland and some summer water Juncus effusus Pacific Rush Leaf Retention: Evergreen perennial Habitat: In or near stream channels, other areas with saturated soils Propagation: The easiest propagation method is to directly dig a clump out and dig a hole (as deep as the root wad) adjacent to the stream, and plant the juncus. Growth Requirements: Require moist soil conditions; if transplanted in summer, irrigate frequently. Juncus patens Spreading Rush Leaf Retention: Evergreen Perennial Habitat: Marshy places, saturated soils Propagation: The easiest propagation method is to directly dig a clump out and dig a hole (as deep as the root wad) adjacent to the stream, and plant the juncus. Growth Requirements: Require moist conditions; if transplanted in summer, irrigate frequently. Lithocarpus densiflorus Tan Oak Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Moist slopes of coastal ranges Propagation: Collect and plant acorns in fall—plant acorns point up in large containers and seedlings should appear within three weeks Growth Requirements: Requires well drained soil Mimulus aurantiacus Sticky Monkey Flower Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Rocky hillsides or open forests near the coast Propagation: Cuttings; OR Collect seed in spring by allowing pod to dry and plant, and then break pod open to collect seed Growth Requirements: Well-drained and moist soils, full sun to partial shade; drought tolerant; water regularly but don’t overwater Petasites frigidus var. palmatus Coltsfoot Leaf Retention: Perennial Habitat: Moist to wet forests, thickets, swamps, openings, and clearings Propagation: Division at any time of the year; pot the smaller divisions in a cold frame with light shade until well-established and transplant in spring to early summer; plant larger clumps directly into permanent location Growth Requirements: Full to no shade but prefers semi-shade; consistently moist soils Polystichum californicum Sword Fern Leaf Retention: Evergreen perennial Habitat: Redwood forests, mixed evergreen forests (streambanks to rocky open slopes) Propagation: Growth Requirements: Pseudotsuga menziesii Doug Fir Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Rocky mountains and costal regions Propagation: By seed; cuttings can be rooted but difficult Growth Requirements: Full sun to partial shade; moist well drained soils; dislikes high winds, dry soils, and crowded conditions Pteridium aquilinum Bracken Fern Leaf Retention: Deciduous (herbaceous perennial) Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands Propagation: Division Growth Requirements: Semi-shaded to no shade; well drained soils Rhamnus californica Coffeeberry Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Dry conditions, in canyon coastal and slope habitats Propagation: Seed Growth Requirements: sun to partial shade, low water Ribes divaricatum Ribes Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Woodland Propagation: Seeds ripen from July to August, can be stored for 4-5 months between 0 and 9 degrees C, and should be sown as early in the year as possible. Put seedlings in individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Cuttings of half ripe wood, 10-15 cm with a heel in July or August. Growth Requirements: Well-drained, moist soils, partial to full shade Rosa californica Rose (California Rose, California Wildrose) Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: North slopes, next to streams and in moist canyons Propagation: Seed, often takes two years to germinate. Plant out in summer when plants are more than 25cm tall. Cuttings of half-ripe wood in July in a shaded frame and plant in spring. Cuttings of mature wood during early autum. These cuttings can take up to 12 months to establish but a high percentage normally succeed. Growth Requirements: Near coast full sun, tolerates drought but likes moisture but not water logged soils Rubus parviflorus Thimbleberry Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Woodlands, canyons and open areas Propagation: Division in early spring Growth Requirements: Well-drained soils in sun or partial shade; water but don’t overwater Rubus spectabilis Salmonberry Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Moist spots in and around woods Propagation: Cuttings of half-ripe wood in July or August in a frame; division in early spring and up until leaves fall in fall Growth Requirements: Well-drained, moist soils; full sun to partial shade Rubus ursinus Blackberry Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Canyons, coastal, streambanks and disturbed areas. Propagation: Cuttings of half ripe wood from July to August in a frame; division in early spring before leaves fall Growth Requirements: Well drained, moist soils; partial shade to full sun. Salix sitchensis Coulter Willow Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Riparian corridors at low elevations Propagation: Cuttings in dormant season (November to February); collect stakes approximately an inch in diameter and roughly 2-3 ft. in length; remove all leaves so it can use energy to establish roots; attempt to get willow stake as deep into the ground as possible (i.e. 75% of its length) Growth Requirements: Prefers sun and moist/wet soils;; if transplanted in spring or summer it is important to ensure it is well irrigated Salix lasiolepis Arroyo Willow Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Riparian corridors at lower elevations Propagation: Cuttings in dormant season (November to February); collect stakes approximately an inch in diameter and roughly 2-3 ft. in length; remove all leaves so it can use energy to establish roots; attempt to get willow stake as deep into the ground as possible (i.e. 75% of its length) Growth Requirements: Prefers sun and moist/wet soils; can tolerate wind but not maritime conditions; if transplanted in spring or summer it is important to ensure it is well irrigated Sambucus racemosa Red Elderberry Leaf Retention: Deciduous Habitat: Moist, rocky terrain at middle to low mountain slopes Propagation: Cuttings of half-ripe wood, 7 - 10cm with a heel July through August; collect seed as soon as it’s ripe in fall and store in cold location for two months, then store in warm location for two months—place seedlings into individual pots after evidence of germination and plant either in following summer or the following spring Growth Requirements: Partial to no shade, but prefers sun with cool, moist conditions; requires moist soil; can tolerate windy conditions but not maritime conditions Torreya californica California Nutmeg Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Cool shady slopes and canyons and mountain stream banks Propagation: Cutting (cuttings are difficult) but collect half-ripe wood in late summer; Collect seeds as soon as they’re ripe, store seeds in cold area until they begin to germinate, then with evidence of germination plant seeds in individual large pots and keep in light shade in a greenhouse for first couple of winters, transplant seedlings into permanent location when they reach 20 cm. in height Growth Requirements: It can grow in full, partial, or no shade; thrives in full sun; prefers moist soil; dislikes wind exposure so should be planted in a sheltered position; prefers damp and cool conditions Umbellaria californica Bay Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: Riparian areas Propagation: Cuttings and seed Growth Requirements: Moist but not saturated soils; full sun Woodwardia fimbriata Giant Chain Fern (Chain Fern, Western Chain Fern) Leaf Retention: Evergreen Habitat: In woodlands, next to streams, moist bogs or ponds. Propagation: Division Growth Requirements: Shade to partial shade The following websites were used to make this directory, and are good future resources for plant descriptions and propagation methods: http://www.ibiblio.org http://www.pfaf.org http://www.spranch.org/floramain.lasso?Available=Y http://depts.washington.edu/propplnt/Plants/ http://www.wildflower.org/plants http://plants.usda.gov www.rainyside.com/features/plant_gallery/nativeplants http://www.nwplants.com http://www.shootgardening.co.uk http://davesgarden.com Appendix A-1………………………………………………………………………Cold Frames A-2………………………………………………………………………Cuttings A-3………………………………………………………………………Cuttings Cold Frames http://www.organicgardening.com/feature/0,7518,s1-5-19-106,00.html Start gardening early and keep on growing later in the season with a simple soil warmer you can build yourself. You might think that the growing season has a finite beginning and end: the last frost in spring and the first frost in fall. But, in fact, many gardeners try to start planting and harvesting when frost still threatens. With a simple cold frame, you can extend your season by a month or more on either end—in some climates, you can grow right through the winter with one. A cold frame is an ideal place to gradually acclimate tomato or pepper seedlings grown indoors to conditions outside. What is a cold frame? Nothing more than four walls to trap heat and shelter plants, and a transparent lid that admits light. You can make the walls from any sturdy material—plywood, concrete, even bales of hay. An old window works perfectly as a lid, but you can also use Plexiglas or plastic sheeting tacked to a frame. The lid's size usually determines the dimensions of the cold frame. Still, you'll want it to be larger than 2 by 4 feet to make it worth your while; you don't want it much larger than 3 by 6 feet, so that you can reach all the plants inside. Build the back 4 to 6 inches higher than the front to maximize the amount of light that reaches the plants inside and to allow water or melting snow to drain off the top easily. The best site for your cold frame, according to Rodale's All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening, is a south-facing, sunny spot with good drainage and some protection from the wind. Ideally, the site should get full sun from mid-morning to mid-afternoon. You can set up a cold frame permanently in your garden, or make one that you put away when you're not using it. Before you set up a cold frame in a permanent spot, dig out the top 3 or 4 inches of soil inside the frame and replace it with a layer of coarse gravel. Then put 6 inches of topsoil back. This will ensure good drainage. You can grow cold-frame plants in pots, flats or, if you're growing just one type of plant (say, salad greens) plant right in the soil. The key to using a cold frame successfully is paying attention to the temperature—and the trick is in keeping it cool rather than warm. The temperature inside the cold frame should stay below 75 degrees F for summer plants, below 60 degrees for plants that normally grow in spring and fall. The way to keep temperatures cool inside a cold frame is to lift the lid. A good rule of thumb: when outdoor temperatures are above 40 degrees, prop open the lid 6 inches; when the outdoor temps clear 50 degrees F, remove the lid. Be sure to restore the lid in late afternoon to trap the heat inside for the cool night. You can also buy automatic venting devices in some gardening catalogs. On frigid nights, the plants inside the cold frame may need a little extra protection to keep from freezing. Most heat escapes through the glass, so pile insulation on top. You can use old blankets, straw, newspaper or whatever is handy. Snow insulates well, too, but brush heavy snow off the glass so it doesn't break. Cuttings A-1 Make More Plants with Cuttings From Your Own House and Garden Plants From Marie Iannotti http://gardening.about.com/od/gardenprimer/ss/Cuttings.htm What you’ll need: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. A Mother Plant Soilless Potting Mix Rooting Hormone Water Containers or Pots for planting Containers for holding water and rooting hormone Razor Blade or Scissor Rubbing alcohol Pencil or Stick Choosing A Plant for Cuttings Select a healthy house or garden plant to take the cuttings from. This is referred to as the mother plant. It needs to have enough stems on it so that removing one or more will not kill the mother. Prepare Your Planting Containers for Rooting the Cuttings Fill a clean plant pot or container with soilless potting mix, to hold the house or garden plant stem cuttings for rooting. A soilless mix drains better than garden soil and achieves a moist, but not wet quality. Selecting Stems for Your Plant Cuttings Choose green, non-woody stems for taking tip cuttings. Newer growth is easier to root than woody stems. You are looking for a stem with a node on it. A node is where a leaf is or was attached. It looks like a joint on the stem. Taking the Plant Cuttings Use a scissor or razor blade that has been sterilized in alcohol to cut back to just below a node. The cutting doesn’t need to be long. A single node with a couple of leaves will be fine. Prepare Your Plant Cuttings for Potting Place the cutting on a flat, hard surface and make a clean slice through the middle of the node with a sterilized razor blade. Plant stems send our their new roots from the stem nodes. Making the cutting at the node increase your chance of successfully rooting the cutting. Remove all but 1 or 2 leaves. The cutting needs some leaf growth to continue photosynthesis, since it can’t take in any food from roots it doesn’t yet have. But too many leaves will just sap energy from its efforts to create new roots. If the leaves are very large in proportion to the stem, cut the leaves in half. Pre-Make Your Planting Holes A-2 Pre-making holes in the rooting medium will insure that the rooting hormone remains on the plant stem cutting, not on the soil surface. This will improve chances of rooting the cuttings and making new house or garden plants. With a pencil or similar pointed object, poke holes into the potting mix. Pre-making the planting holes will insure that the rooting hormone you will be using in the next step remains of the cuttings and doesn’t rub off on the potting mix. Using Rooting Hormone to Increase Your Chances of Successful Rooting Rooting hormone stimulates a house or garden plant cutting to begin sending new roots out of a stem node. Using rooting hormone increases the success rate of creating new plants. Rooting hormone stimulates the plant cutting to begin sending out new roots from the stem node. The hormone is not always necessary for the cutting to root, but it does give an advantage. Many plants will even root in plain water, but transferring the water rooted seedling to soil is not always successful. Fill one cup or container with water and place some rooting hormone into another. You won’t need much hormone. Too much rooting hormone can actually lower your success rate, so tap off the excess. Don’t return used hormone to the original container. Once it comes in contact with the cuttings, it is activated. Dip the node end of the plant cutting into the water and then into the rooting hormone Potting Up Your Cuttings Carefully place the cuttings into the holes you made in your potting mix and gently firm the soil around them. You can fit several cuttings into one container. Space them so that the leaves do not touch one another. A-3