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Transcript
1 lecture notes - The Kings and Queens of Flowers Peonies are native throughout the northern hemisphere and have been cultivated for centuries both in Europe and Asia. They are classified into twenty five species in four subgenera, Halda & Waddick (2004). The science is somewhat fluid, with the promotion and demotion between species and subspecies being a relatively common occurrence. This presentation highlights: A) three species of herbaceous peonies: P. officinalis, P. lactiflora, and P. obovata, subspecies japonica; B) one species of tree peony P. suffruticosa along with a subspecies P. rockii; C) one group of hybrids commonly known as the Itoh peonies or more broadly as intersectional peonies. In thinking about garden design, we will discuss these peonies in the following four groups: woodland, tree, herbaceous, intersectional. Tree Herbaceous Intersectional Woodland PEONIES: Kingdom Plantae | Division Magnoliophyta | Class Magnoliopsida | Order Saxifragales | Family Paeoniaceae | Genus Paeonia Types of Peonies In Order of Bloom Woodland Herbaceous Peonies are a separate species of herbaceous peonies worth noting individually due to their preference for shade. Woodland peonies grow and naturalize in a deciduous woodland where they get the early spring sun and summer shade. Each plant becomes eighteen inches tall and three feet in diameter. They seed creating sprays of low growing forest groundcover. Woodland peonies provide three season appeal with white flowers in early spring, lush green foliage throughout the growing season, and dramatic indigo and scarlet seed pods in the fall. Good naturalizers, easy to grow, deer proof plants. Tree Peonies are woody perennial shrubs. They bloom at the beginning of May before the herbaceous peonies. Their woody structure allows them to produce gigantic dinner-plate-sized flowers on plants that grow from 3 to 7 feet tall. After the bloom, tree peonies provide structure to the garden with deep green leaves in summer and bronze and purple foliage in fall. Native to China and cultivated for millennia, these deer-resistant plants thrive in horticultural zones 4-9. Tree peonies grow slowly, producing 1 to 6 inches of new growth each year. Given well-drained soil and dappled sunlight, they will live for centuries. Stately, rare, fabulous. peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 2 Herbaceous Peonies are disease resistant perennial plants that enhance the structure and beauty of any garden and produce some of the best cut flowers available. They bloom during the transition from spring into summer, with each individual cultivar blooming for an average of 7-10 days. The foliage of shining green leaves remains throughout the summer, dies back to the ground in winter and reemerges early each spring. Herbaceous peonies require very little care and live for generations. They have been cultivated for centuries and can thus be found in an astounding array of flower form, color and fragrance. Herbaceous peonies can be planted in both early spring and fall. They need at least 5 hours of full sun and rich well-draining soil. Like most long-lived perennials it can take three years for them to bloom prolifically - they are well worth the wait. Mainstay in every perennial garden, best cut flower available, deer proof. Intersectional Peonies, also know as Itoh Hybrids, are a hybrid produced by crossing a tree peony with an herbaceous peony. These peonies produce tree peony flowers and leaves on plants that behave like herbaceous peonies, dying down to the ground in winter and reemerging each spring. One plant may produce 50 or more dinner-plate sized flowers on strong short stems that do not require staking. They reach peak bloom near the end of the herbaceous peony bloom. Each plant can remain in bloom for 3-4 weeks. They can be used as cut flowers and offer an astounding array of yellows and golds -- colors not widely available in herbaceous peonies. They are disease resistant, less susceptible to powdery mildew than their herbaceous parent and less susceptible to botrytis blight than their tree peony parent. Dinner plate size flowers, easy to grow, deer proof. flower color Colors of Woodland Peonies Peonies come in a multitude of colors. The colors available, and characteristics of that color, depend on the type of peony. pink white Colors of Tree Peonies white pink coral red black lavender multi green yellow copper magenta black multi green yellow red coral red white Colors of Herbaceous Peonies white blush pink Colors of Intersectional Peonies yellow pink peony’s envy copper - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com Flower shape single lotus 3 chrysanthemum rose hundred proliferate golden circle anemone japanese crown bomb Peony flowers come in ten flower forms from a simple daisy-like flower to a complex ball of petals. The more petals, the longer the flower will bloom, but more petals means more weight and heavier flowers, and thus the need for support. Cultivars offering lighter flowers, thus fewer petals, are sometimes labeled “landscape peonies” as they are easy to use in the landscape with little or no support. Heavier flowers are old fashioned favorites, a mainstay of the perennial border and the cut-flower industry. cultivar selection guide woodland Tree Herbaceous intersectional selecting woodl and peonies The shade loving woodland peony is commercially available as Paeonia obovata, the species, or Paeonia japonica, the subspecies. Obovata is the pink form of the plant. It is taller and thus leggier than the subspecies P. japonica, which is a beautiful low growing shade groundcover. They both naturalize well, have small single petaled flowers, and offer three season appeal. They have interesting and colorful early spring foliage and fascinating vibrant indigo and scarlet seed pods in the fall. They are deer proof. Peony’s Envy recommends planting Paeonia japonica as a ground cover and collecting Paeonia Obovata simply as a novelty plant. For a naturalized planting of Paeonia japonica we begin by throwing the number of tennis balls that correspond with the number of plants we want to plant up into the air loosely and allowing them to settle naturally. Then digging a hole at each location where a tennis ball falls. peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 4 selecting tree peonies Consider: Dimensions | Leaf | Flower Posture | Bloom Time Dimensions: Plant Height Tree peonies can grow to be seven feet high, but most specimens even after decades remain between three and five feet. They are classified as tall, mid, and dwarf with the potential to grow 7, 5 or 3 feet respectively. The milder the climate, the less winter die back and the taller the potential of the plant. Tall varieties add five to six inches of new wood every year while dwarf varieties add less than one. Taller varieties will make a bigger statement earlier in your garden; dwarf varieties can be planted as borders and under windows. 7’ 5’ 3’ Tall Dimensions: Plant Form/Shape Mid Dwarf Tree peony bushes grow upright or more laterally. Typically, plant height and shape are associated. Taller varieties are upright and dwarf varieties are spreading, but not in all cases. Conical varieties sacrifice some lower leaf coverage and need to be placed in the garden accordingly. Conical Partially Spreading Spreading Leaf Type Tree peony leaves provide beauty in the garden for three seasons. They leaf-out in early in April and provide spring, summer and fall color. The size of the leaf varies from long and thin to big and round and can make a difference in the plant’s use in the garden. Long Thin Medium Round/Orbicular Flower Posture Tree Peony Flowers can be upright, lateral, or pendulous. Upright flowers are carried at the ends of stiff stems, well above the leaves and grow at the top and sides of the bushes. Lateral flowers grow at the edge of the leaves. They are easy to see, but concentrate themselves on the sides of the bushes. Pendulous flowers have short, flexible stems and hang down under the leaves. Upright peony’s envy - Lateral Pendulous © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 5 Placement/Use Anchor 5’ wide circle Bookends Grouping 5’ on Center Walkway Hedge 5’ on Center Double Hedge 5’ on Center 5’ on Center 6 selecting herbaceous peonies Consider: Use| Flower Form | Height | Bloom Time Use or Placement Consider first what you are wanting out of your herbaceous peonies. Plant Posture Flower form and peony height influence the behavior of herbaceous peony plants. Traditional peonies, such as those that could be found in your grandmother’s garden, were often bred to have long stems and huge full flowers. These enormous blossoms produce some of the best cut flowers available. As garden plants these peonies tend to bend under the weight of the flowers and require staking to remain upright. Plants with these characteristics include those of chrysanthemum, rose, golden circle, crown and hundred proliferate flower forms and have innumerable dense petals. Lighter flower forms such as anemone, single, and lotus tend to float above the plant, requiring far less support. However, due to their fewer number of petals these flowers do not last as long in the hot sun nor are they the best cut flower varieties. The necessary support for the herbaceous peony is determined by flower form and plant height. The shorter the plant the sturdier the stems. The taller the plant the more support it will need. The most low maintenance garden plants tend to be 2.0-2.5’ anemone, single and lotus varieties. The best cut flowers tend to come from 3’ tall chrysanthemum, rose, golden circle, crown and hundred proliferate shaped flowers. Herbaceous peonies bloom at the transition between and summer. They grow in zones 3-8. Typically the bloom occurs in mid-May in the southern zones, late-May in the mid zones and early-June in the colder zones. Basically all peonies will come at the same time but there are slight variations in the timing dependant on the early, mid, late designation of the cultivar itself. Further information on the bloom time of each cultivar please go online to the “Peony Date Project” done by Heartland Peony Society. Anemone Single Lotus light flower forms minimal staking needed heavy flower forms staking needed Chrysanthemum Rose Golden Circle Crown Hundred Proliferate Staking Options Staking Options Tomato Rings Peony Rings Tomato Rings Peony Rings peony’s envy - Fencing Fencing with Lattice Overlay © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 7 Border Fencing Placement/Use Herbaceous Entryway Accent Plant Grouping Accent Group 3’ 18” 3’ wide circle Walkway 18” 3’ 1.5’ total area: 5 to 6’ equilateral triangle 3’ spacing for multiple peonies 3' wide Row Planting 1.5' total area 21' long Double Row Planting 3’ tall varieties 2.5’ tall varieties peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 8 Border or Hedge Planting aerial view of garden. Plants 3 feet on center total area 39’ long 6’ wide center of hole 1.5’ from outside edges of planting area Walkway aerial view of garden. Plants 3 feet on center 6’ wide total area 39’ long Pathway/Walkway 3’ wide center of hole 1.5’ from outside edges of planting area Cutting Garden aerial view of garden.Plants 3 feet on center total area 42’ long total area 20’ wide center of hole 1.5’ from outside edges of planting area peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 9 selecting intersectional peonies Selection Due to the relatively new hybridization of intersectional peonies the characteristics of plant height, shape, leaf coverage and flower form tend to be fairly uniform. The choice of cultivar is then determined by color. It should be noted that intersectional peonies have great leaf coverage from the base to the top of the plant and make excellent accent plants as well as function well at the front of a border. History The group of peonies known as the Itoh or Intersectional peonies is a relatively new introduction. They are a hybrid produced by crossing a tree peony with an herbaceous peony. Mr. Toichi Itoh of Japan is credited with being the first to do this successfully. He crossed Paeonia x lemoninei , a hybrid tree peony, with P. lactiflora ‘Kakoden’, a white-flowered herbaceous peony. The tree peony was used as the pollen parent, the herbaceous as the seed parent. The crossing produced 36 seedlings, nine of which had dominant characteristics of tree peonies and became the first Itoh hybrids. Four of these seedlings, with permission from Mr. Itoh’s widow, were patented by Louis Smirnow in the late 1960’s. The American Peony Society refers to this new group as the Itoh Hybrids Group, but more widely the original four are the Itoh Hybrids and all subsequent hybrids are referred to as intersectionals. This group of plants is only now becoming widely available, coming down in price from up to 1,000 per plant in the late 1990’s to less than 100 more recently. The leaves and flowers resemble tree peonies, but the foliage is herbaceous. One plant may produce 50 or more dinner-plate sized flowers on strong short stems that do not require staking. They reach peak bloom after herbaceous peonies, can be used as cut flowers and offer an astounding array of yellows and golds-- colors not widely available in herbaceous peonies. They are disease resistant, less susceptible to powdery mildew than their herbaceous parent and less susceptible to botrytis blight than their tree peony parent. Hybridization and cultivation methods continue to be active, with Don Hollingsworth, Roger Anderson, William Seidl, and Don Smith all working in the field. Original Toichi Itoh Hybrids - Introduced in the United States by Louis Smirnow in the late 1960's P. 'Yellow Crown', P. 'Yellow Dream', P. 'Yellow Heaven', P. 'Yellow Emperor' Placement/Use Accent Bookends Walkway 3’ to 5’ wide circle aerial view of garden. Plants 3 feet on center total area 9’ long Grouping 6’ wide center of hole 1.5’ from outside edges of planting area 3’ to 5’ on Center peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 10 Front of a Mixed Perennial Border 3’ to 5’ on Center Intersectional Peony Border Plant Intersectional Peonies with Herbaceous Peonies to extend the bloom A. Herbaceous Bloom First B. Intersectional Peonies Bloom Second peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com 11 References & Further Information Peony References www.peonysenvy.com Carsten Burkhardt's Web Project Paeonia - http://www.paeon.de/ Seven Weeks of Bloom - http://bloomdate.paeonia.com Page, Martin “2005” Paeonia Itoh Hybrid. New Plants. pp. 36-39 Lianying, Wang, et.al. 1998. Chinese Tree Peony, Beijing China. China Forestry Publishing House. Chen, D. Z. & McLewin, W. (2006) Peony Rockii and Gansu Mudan. Wellseley-Cambridge Press Stockport, UK. Peony Societies American Peony Society - www.americanpeonysociety.org Heartland Peony Society - www.peonies.org The Peony Society-UK - www.paeonia.org For information on peony planting, care and cut flowers please visit www.peonysenvy.com and click on “Peony Care” at the top of the page. peony’s envy - © 2014 peony’s envy. do not reproduce without written consent of peony’s envy www.peonysenvy.com - 908-578-3032 - peony @ peonysenvy.com
