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Transcript
Cymbidiumorchidculture-intheRiverinaregionofNSW Cymbidiumsareoneofthemostwidelygrown orchidspeciesintheworld.Theyareregardedasone oftheeasiestorchidstogrowincoolwinterclimates suchastheRiverinaregionofsouthernNSW.They cangrowoutsidewithprotectionfromfrostsand someprotectionfromthesummersun. Cymbidiumsarenativetotropicalandsubtropical Asiawithabout52speciesbeingidentified(1,2).A furtherthreespeciesarenativetonorthernand easternAustralia. ThethreeAustraliannativesare; Cymbidiumsuave,whichgrowsfromtheNSWsouthcoasttotheAthertonTablelandsinfar northQueenslandandhascanesratherthanpseudobulbsthatcontinuetogrowandflower foranumberofyears(9).Itrequiresaconsiderableamountofsunshineandisthecoolest growingofthe3Australiannatives(9). CymbidiummadidumgrowsfromnorthernNSWtoCapeYorkinnorthQueensland.It growsintreesandfallenlogsandprefersamorehumidenvironment(9). CymbidiumcanaliculatumgrowsintheKimberlyregioninnorthwestWA,theNorthern Territory,QueenslandanddowntotheHunterRiverregionofNSW.Ithasovoid pseudobulbsupto15cmlongandgrowsinrottingcrevassesintreesandprefersadrier habitat(9). Australiannativecymbidiumshoweverhaveverysmallflowersandneedtobebredwith otherspeciestoachievespectacularpendulousflowers.AustraliannativeCymbidiumsand particularlyC.madidum,needmoreprotectionfromcoldnightsthanmanyofthehybrids, andmayneedadditionalheattoflowerwell(1). ManyoftheoriginalCymbidiumspecieshavebeencrossedtoformcomplexhybridsto createmorevigorousplantsandawiderrangeofcoloursandflowershapes. TherearetwobasictypesofCymbidiums,thosewithuprightflowerracemes(stems)and thosethatarependulous,thelaterareusuallygrowninhangingbasketsorpotstobetter displaytheflowers.Plantsvaryinsizefromshortandcompact tolargeandspreading. Cymbidiumhybridscanalsobegroupedonthebasisofflower sizewithminiatureunder6cm,intermediate(6-9cm)and standard(over9cm)flowersizes.Flowersarelonglastingand canlastover2monthsforawholeraceme.Cutabout10mm fromthebaseofthespikeeachweekandchangethewaterto maximizethelifeofcutflowers(8). Cymbidiumsdonothavearestperiodandshouldbekeptmoist andgrownvigorouslyallyearround(2,8).Hybridscanflowerat mosttimesoftheyearalthoughthepeakfloweringperiodis winterandspring(1). Temperaturerequirements Plantswilltoleratethetypicaltemperaturesexperiencedinthe Riverinaprovidingtheyaregivenprotectionfromfrostsin winteranddirectsunduringthehottestpartoftheyear. Shadeclothwillnotgivesufficientprotectionfromseverefrost andtheyrequireaplasticorpolycarbonaterooftoprovide someprotectionorbelocatedagainstabrickheatretainingwall (7).Anenclosedplasticgreenhouseorglasshouseisthoughtto giveabout2-3°Cextraprotection(7).Additionalheatisusually requirediftemperaturesareexpectedbelow-4°C,particularlyif theyareinspike.Flowersdonottoleratethesamerangeof temperaturesasplantsdoandshouldbekeptwithina temperaturerangeof5-25°C(8).Theywillstopactivelygrowing oncetemperaturesexceed27°C. Generallytheydonotrequireadditionalcoolingorheatingalthoughtheydobestifgrown inashadehouseorunderanorthfacingverandahwhereconditionsarelessvariable(4). Theywilltoleratetemperaturesupto42°Canddownto0°Cprovidedtheyareprotected fromfrost.Plantswillneedadditionalwateringormistingonveryhotdays.Mosthybrid varietiesneedanighttimetemperaturedropofatleast10°Cinsummereveningstoinitiate flowering(2).SuchatemperaturedropisreadilyachievedinsouthernNSW. Light Theyneedtoreceivesunlightformostofthedayiftheyaretoflowerwellandasmuchsun aspossiblewithoutburningtheirleaves(1,8).Growingundera40%shadeclothis consideredoptimumintheRiverinaexceptinwinterwhentheywilltakefullsun(5).Plants needtobeapalegreencolouriftheyaretoflowerwell(1).Iftheleavesaredarkgreen theyareprobablynotreceivingsufficientsunlight.Theleaveswillburniftheyreceivedirect suninthemiddleofthedayinsummer.Theycanbegrownunderatreethatprovideslight shadeoncetheriskoffrostispast.Yourhandshouldcastalightshadowwhenpassedover theplant(4). Humidityandairmovement Maintaininghighhumidityisnotasimportantwithcymbidiumsasotherspeciesand mistingspraysaregenerallynotrequiredexceptonextremelyhotdayswithtemperatures greaterthan40°C.Havingadampfloortothegreenhousewouldbeadvantageousinhot weather. Water Thewateringregimewillvarywiththepottingmixandweatherconditions.IntheRiverina regioninsummer,wherehumidityislowandtemperaturescommonlyreach35-38°Cor more,itisrecommendedtowatertheplantsevery2-3dayssothatwaterrunsoutthe bottomordailyinveryhotweather(4,8).Inwinter,wateringonceevery7-14daysor longermaybesufficientandpreferablyonsunnydays.Cymbidiumsmustbegiven sufficientwatertopreventthepseudobulbsshriveling,astheycannotberehydrated. Shriveledbulbsmaynotproduceflowershoots.Plantsalsoneedmorewaterwhenin floweraswaterlossisgreater(4).Avoidwettingtheflowersasthismaymarkthem. Inverycoldweatherwithrisksoffrostskeepplantsdrierthannormal(7). Itisbesttowaterinthemorningsoplantsare drybytheevening,particularlyinwinter(8). Don’twatertheleavesintheheatofthedayin summer. Ifleavesdevelopdarkbrowntipsthiscouldbea signofoverwateringorpoordrainage. Pottingmedium Cymbidiumsarevigorousgrowersandneed frequentrepottingastheyexpandandfilltheir pots.Theyshouldberepottedassoonasthey finishfloweringorinMarchbeforecoldweathercommences(8)andnotinhotweather. Astheyhavefairlycourserootstheyshouldbegrowninacoarseorchidpottingmixthat allowsgooddrainageandaeration.Mixesvarywithwateringregimebutatypicalmixin thisregionis60%8-18mmbarkmixedwith40%perliteorscoriatoallowairtopermeate themix.Smallseedlingsrequireafinermixwith5-10mmbark(4).Withawelldraining openmixitismoredifficulttooverwaterplants. Normalnurseryshapedpotsareusedratherthanthesquatpotspreferredbyotherorchid species.Topromotegooddrainagethebottom5cmofthepotcanbefilledwithlumpsof polystyreneorcoarsegravelandthepottingmixofbarkandperliteplacedontop. Whenrepotting,placecompostuptothelowerthirdofthebulbswhichensuresrootsstay moist.Whenre-pottingasmallplantitmaybebestjusttopot-onintoalargerpotandjust addcompostaroundthesideofthepotwithoutdisturbingtheroots(8). Whatevermixisused,watershoulddrainfreelyfromthepotwhenwatered. Cymbidiumsflowerbestwhentherootsfillthepotsotheyshouldnotbeover-potted(1). Largerplantstendtoflowerbetterandwhensubdividingaminimumofoneoldbackbulb andatleasttwobulbswithleavesplusanewgrowthorleadmustbepresentiftheplants aretoflowernextyear.Keepplantsaslargeaspossiblewhendividing(4). Plantsshouldbekeptoffthegroundtopreventslatersandwormsenteringthepotand decomposingthepottingmix. Fertilizers Cymbidiumsareregardedasheavyfeedersastheycanproducealargeamountofgrowth (1).Theregularapplicationofhalfstrengthsolublefertilizerisrecommendedeveryweek fromSeptembertoMay(4).Theuseoffertilizerswithalowernitrogencontentandhigher phosphorusandpotassiumcontentjustpriortoflowerspikeformationinlatesummer- earlyautumnisrecommendedtopromoteflowerspikesratherthanexcessivevegetative growth. Analternativestrategyistheapplicationofaslowreleasepelletedfertilizertwiceperyear inspringandagaininmidsummer. Ateaspoonofdolomitelimeperplantisrecommendedtwiceperyeartoprovidethe correctpHandagoodsupplyofmagnesium(1).TheoptimumpHformostcymbidiumsis about5.5-6.5andlimeshouldbeaddedifthemixbecomestooacidasaciditywillcause lossofroots(6).TheexceptiontothisistheAustraliannativeCymbidiumsuavefromnorth QueenslandwhichisreportedtopreferamoreacidpHaround4to5(andlimeordolomite limeshouldnotbeappliedtothisspecies. Epsonsalts(MgS04)twiceayearisalsorecommendedforadditionalMg. Hybrids Speciescymbidiums(thosethatoccurnaturallyinthewild)arenotaswidelygrown,most peoplechoosingtogrowhybridswhicharelessdemandingintheirrequirementsandhave agreatervarietyofcoloursandflowershapes. ThethreeAustraliannativespecieshavesmallerflowersandpendulousracemeswithup 50flowersoneach(seepicturebelow).Theyaremostlygrowninhangingbasketsor suspendedpots.Afullerdescriptionofthespeciesandvarietiescanbefoundinthe excellentbooksbyFraseretal.(2013)(1)andABCAustralianGardeningFlorabook(2005) listedbelow(2). IfCymbidiumsfailtofloweritcanbedueto(1)theplantbeingtoosmall,seedlingscan take5yearstoflower(2)theplantisintoolargeapotforthesizeoftheplant(3)toomuch Nfertilizerisencouragingvegetativegrowthinpreferencetoflowerrspikes,itmayrespond toadditionalKandPfertilizer(4)theplantisintoomuchshadeandnotreceivingsufficient lightinlatesummerandautumn. AdetailedCymbidiumgrowingguidefor southernAustralianclimatesisalsopublished onthewebbytheAustralianOrchidNursery (4)andTheOrchidSocietiesCouncilof Victoria(seebelow). Furtherreadingandacknowledgements Theinformationinthisguideisbasedonlocal growerexperiencesandthereferencescitedbelow. 1. GrowingOrchidsinCoolClimateAustralia(2ndedn)byMJFraser,JWright,WFerris (2013). 2. GardeningAustraliaFlora’sOrchids.ABCBooks(2005). 3. Orchids,Apracticalhandbook.ByBandWRittershausen(2001). 4. CymbidiumgrowingguidebytheAustralianOrchidNursery. http://www.australianorchids.com.au/pages/growing-cymbidiums 5. Cymbidiumsforbeginners.TheOrchidSocietiesCouncilofVictoria. http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles/cymbegin.htm 6. MarriedtoCymbidiumsbyJohnKenter. http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles/cymmarr.htm 7. Cymbidiumsandfrost.http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles3/cymfrost.htm 8. CymbidiumculturebyJulianCoker. http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles4/cymculture.html 9. TheAustralianSpeciesCymbidiumsbyFrancesandJulianCoker. http://www.oscov.asn.au/articles6/auscyms.html 10. ArepHchecksnecessary?St.AugustineOrchidSociety. http://staugorchidsociety.org/PDF/ArepHChecksNecessarybyHarryMcElroy.pd f Yourcommentsandsuggestionsonthisguidearewelcome. [email protected] Updated16/05/16 Thesenotesareintendedasaguideonlyandarecomposedfromavailableinformationandlocalexperience. TheWaggaWaggaOrchidSocietyanditsmembersarenotresponsibleforanylossordamagetoplantsthat mayoccur.