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Fort de France, Martinique, 2016 First Caribaea Initiative Research and Conservation Workshop “Animal invasive species in the Antilles: the relevance of scientific research to conservation” Invasive Vertebrates in Cuba: knowledge and its value for conservation Rafael Borroto-Páez [email protected] [email protected] Cuban archipelago Forest cover Area: 109 884,01 km2 More than 3000 islands and keys Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa Important wetlands and mangroves (29.6%) karstic areas (66%) Sierra Maestra National System of Protected Areas 77 Protected Areas with National Significance 134 PA with Local Significance 20.20% of Cuban territory Cuba is a very important part of the Caribbean Hotspot 6 519 species of plants. Molluscs: 1393 sp. (95,8% endemic) Many vertebrates: 621 Many endemic vertebrates: 255 Many endemic species considered threatened : 167. High rate of extinction : The current biodiversity of Cuban endemic terrestrial mammals is only 32% of all known species Objectives Review available information on introduced vertebrates in Cuba Enhance knowledge about introduction events, the species and their impacts with special emphasis in the biodiversity conservation Create a baseline for introduced and invasive vertebrates useful to build capacities, assessments and research in biosecurity, agriculture, public health and conservation Information Sources Extensive bibliography review • • • • • • • • • Scientific journals and invasive species books and reports Management Plans of Protected Areas (123 manuscripts in CNAP) Vertebrates catalogs, check-list, and lists Old Project reports History book Old natural history books Old Agriculture books and journals Grey literature (game information and calendar, magazine) . International organization database in Internet Interview of rural people, farmers and hunters Field work and expeditions Reasons for Introductions Agriculture (livestock, aquiculture, poultry, etc.) Food Pet Biological control Hunting Until now is no include all introduction result of trade for aquarium and zoo propose Laboratory animal Only zoo and aquarium vertebrates that are free or become invasive Accidental or unintentional transportation Output Database: Taxa: Class, family, genus and species . Common name Introduction time Mode of entry Population sources Pathway Status: transported, stablished, invasive. Habitat invaded Impact description Level of Impact (Hawkins et Distribution: Prot. areas, offshore islands al., 2015) Reference Undergraduate student thesis from University of Habana (2013). Papers and chapters: • • • • • Mamiferos introducidos e invasores (in Mamiferos en Cuba, 2011) Introduced amphibians and reptiles in Cuba archipelago, Herpt. Conser. Biol. 2016 Cuban mammal biodiversity and conservation: past, present, and invasive mammals Introduced and invasive birds in Cuba Introduced vertebrates in Cuba: an overview Book: Catalog of Introduced Vertebrates in Cuba and their impacts Critique review to protected area management plans What we found in bibliography review: • • • • Deficient general knowledge about Invasive Vertebrate (IV). Forgotten information in the time. Some cryptic species. Invasive species considered as native (specially birds) in catalogs. • High level of public tolerance to common IV. INTRODUCED VERTEBRATES: 168 INVASIVE VERTEBRATES: 93 (55,3%) Cumulative growth in Cuban introductions of Vertebrates 180 160 no 140 120 100 80 60 Hunting sp. Cuniculus 2 Dasyprocta Silvilagus Pecari 17 species black rat mouse cat dog pig horse donkey cow european rabbit sheep goat Chicken Turkey Pigeon Common Peafolwl Domestic Duck 1 Rodentia 2 Perissodactyla 3 Primates 5 Artiodactyla 2 Clarias spp. +12 fresh water fishes many ornamental birds Northern Bobwhile mongoose +20 fresh water fishes cayman brown rat 40 common carp trout sun fish Bullfrog cachama 20 House sparrow 0 years 79,5 % N=168 N=93 58,1 % 32,1 % 47,6 % 16,6 % What we found in Management Plan of PA review? • Wrong taxonomic information • Some protected areas do not include invasive species • Some protected areas have very incomplete information • Many invasive vertebrates included as native • Deficient perception of the impacts. • No action to assessment the impacts. • Few actions for management and control Principal invasive vertebrates identified on protected areas management plan (N= 123) and offshore islands. Invasive vertebrates Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibian Fishes No. of Protected Areas No.of offshore Islands Rattus rattus 85 64 Bubulcus ibis 63 19 Bus tauro 57 6 Canis lupus familiaris 51 19 Felis silvestris catus 48 17 Herpestes auropunctatus 42 3? Colinus virginianus 36 2 Odocoileus virginianus 36 5 Mus musculus 35 15 Passer domesticus 34 8 Sus scrofa 32 6 Lithobates catesbeianus 31 1 Molothrus bonariensis 26 3 Rattus norvegicus 25 4 Cyanerpes cyaneus 26 2 Hemidactylus angulatus 19 9 Clarias sp 17 - Monkeys (3 sp.) 3 3 Impacts to Conservation in Cuba by invasive vertbrates First impact Black rat (Rattus rattus ) introduction after 1510 could be important causes for extinction of Cuban endemic small mammals by depredation, competition, diseases, and parasites. Boromys torrei Boromys ofella Rattus rattus Nesophontes micrus Recent extinction of Cuban mammals First possible extinction in recent time Possible Causes: Invasive mammals predation and competition: feral cat, feral dog, mongoose, and black rat. Mesocapromys nanus Fire (intentional and accidental) Drought Floods Cienaga de Zapata Recent extinction of Cuban mammals Second possible extinction Mesocapromys sanfelipensis Many Causes: •Invasive mammal predation and competition Large Black rat infestation Domestic dog (trained to hunt) •Imprudent application of rodenticide for rat control. •Fire (intentional) to reduce mosquitos. •Hunting. •Human activities (charcoal, cutting, fishing, army, etc.) Juan Garcia key, Cayos de San Felipe Almiqui Solenodon cubanus Population reduced and restricted distribution to two localities: National Parks: Pico Cristal and Alejandro de Humboldt. Threat: Black rats, wild cat and will dogs are real threats to the Solenodon Dog predation demonstrated Recent evidences of cat predation High Black rat density in their habitat Habitat destruction by mine Black rat Black rat (Rattus rattus) density estimates in Solenodon habitat in Alejandro de Humboldt National Park , Guantanamo (March 2012) by trapping removal method. Reported in 64 islands Plot Date Area in m2 1 2 3 March 2012 March 2012 May 2010 1200 1200 750 Rats/ha ± S.E. Leslie Regression Ricker Semi-log Model Regression Model 322.25 ± 2.9 313.66 ± 18.4 146.58 ± 0.9 176.92 ± 4.1 214.3 ± 0.9 268.0 ± 4.8 Rattus rattus Black rats in habitat and refuge of Mesocapromys auritus in Cayo Fragoso 350 g Black rats in Cayo Salinas, Cayos de Ana Maria in the refuges of Mesocapromys angelcabrerai Native and introduced vertebrates reported with predation and crushing impacts on Cuban terrestrial snails (N). Native vertebrates predators Birds (unidentified ) Cuban Kite (Chondrohierax wilsonii Guareao (Aramus guarauna) Great Lizard-Cuckoo (Saurothera merlini) Hutia conga (Capromys pilorides) Snail Kite (Rosthramus sociabilis) Toad (Bufo peltacephalus) Great Antillean Grackle (Quiscalus niger) Chipojo (Anolis baracoae) Chipojo (Anolis equestris) Anolis (Anolis sp.) Cuban frog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) Almiqui (Solenodon cubanus) Bat (unidentified) Green Woodpeckers (Xiphidiopicus percussus) Cuban small frog (Eleutherodactylus spp.) Chameleons (Chamaeleolis spp.) Cuban lizards (Anolis spp.) Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana) Key West Quail-Dove (Geotrygon chysia) Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) Total reports N 90 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 139 Invasive vertebrate predator Black rat (Rattus rattus) Wild pig (Sus scrofa) House mouse (Mus musculus) Brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) Domestic Folk (Gallus gallus) Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Common Goose (Anser anser) Domestic Duck (Cairina moschata) Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) Domestic sparrow (Passer domesticus) American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) Total reports N 65 7 5 4 3 3 3 3 2 1 ? ? 96 Invasive vertebrate crushing N Cow (Bos taurus) Horse (Equus caballus) Goat (Capra hiscus) Sheep (Ovis aries) Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 2 2 2 2 1 9 Chondropometes exquisitum Sierra la Guira, Pinar del Rio Polymita brocheri, Maisi, Guantanamo Cerion pinerium, Cayo Rico Zachrysia auricoma, Sierra del Rosario, PR Polymita picta, PN Alejandro de Humboldt Emoda sagraiana, Sierra San Carlos Feral Cat Reported in 17 islands Diet of feral cats (Felis silvestris catus) as % of occurrence of food category in spots in two important conservation areas: Solenodon cubanus habitat and island habitat Food category Solenodon hábitat Island hábitat AHNP, Eastern Cuba Cayo Campo, South 1, small animal; 2, large animal N=43 Cuba N=40 Vegetal fiber 23.2 17.5 Insect 23.3 7.5 Crab 17.5 Amphibian 1 2.7 Amphibian 2 2.7 - Lizard 1 Lizard 2 Ophidian 1 Ophidian 2 Bird Hutia Solenodon 65.1 6.9 23.3 2.3 2.3 13.9 4.7 * 5.0 20.0 52.5 - Black rat Mouse 48.8 - 27.5 12.5 High level of Tolerance 21 cat in a restaurant in Havana Vieja Cats in Restaurant Cat over Coconut tree in Caguma Hotel, Varadero Feral cat in National Aquarium Cat in Estrella Hotel in cayo Santa Maria, ASC Cat in garbage container Reported in 19 islands Feral dog Dog excrement with hutia bones and hair in Cienaga de Zapata NP Cayo Coco, ASC Havana City Cayo Santa Maria Sick dog in Guanahacabibes NP Impacts: Predation (Solenodon, hutias, birds, lizard and iguana, invertebrates, etc). Spread disease (Rabies) and parasite. Ethic Present in 6 Islands Feral pig Rooting in Guanahacabibes NP Feral pig predating crab Impacts: Wild pig rooting impacts have been observed on Solenodon burrows. Wild pig can produce affectation in natural areas Predation small vertebrates, invertebrates as mollusk, crag, etc. Erosion by rummage action Mosquito Mongoose More abundant in western Cuba and rare in the east until 1999 when they have been invading more areas, including the Alejandro de Humboldt Nationla Park Significant new possible threat to Solenodon Impact: predation (eggs, birds, small lizard, frog, Polymita spp.) . Rabies Green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) in Cayo Cantiles, Archipelago of Canarreos (a colony of 40 animals) Macaco Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Cayo Campo, Archipelago of Canarreos (a colony around 100) Cryptic species Colinus virginianus (Common Bobwhile): Origin: USA. Clear historic evidences: Gundlach, 1865-1866, 1876 y 1893, Pichardo (1854), Garcia (1987), Bond (1963). The description of a Cuban subspecies (Colinus virginianus cubensis), cause to continue considering it as a native species by Cuban ornithologists. Impacts: Crop damages. Competition. Cyanerpes cyaneus (Red-legged Honey-creeper) Original Distribution: México and Central America Historic evidence: Bernal Diaz del Castillo in Verdadera Historia de la Conquista de la Nueva España. Introduced by Juan de Grijalva from México, as a gift to Diego Velázquez around 1515. Rodriguez- Ferrer (1876) introduced by a hurricane in XIX century. de Schauensee and Meyer (1964) and Raffaelle et al 1998 suggest introduction by human mean. Impacts: competition by foods and nest site. Molothrus bonariensis (Shiny Cowbird) Origen: From Panama to South America Invasion: Cuba late 1970´s nd early 1980´s. Impacts: Competition for food and nest Bird nest parasite: Solibio (Icterus melanopsis, Bien Te Veo (Vireo altiloquus), Mayito (Agelaius humeralis). Some ornithologist consider native because the dispersion was “natural” Crop damages (rice). Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret) Origin: South of Eurasia & Africa Invasion : South America late 1870´s. Cuba 1953 Impacts: Predation: eggs, small vertebrates as lizard, frog . Ectoparasite dispersion. Competition Some ornithologist consider native because the dispersion was “natural” Streptopelia decaocto (Eurasian collared-Dove) Origin: Part of Europe, south Asia and North Africa. Invasion: Cuba late 1980´s, confirmed in 1990, from Bahamas Impacts: Competion for food and nest site Damages in grain stores, crops and gardens. . Today is one of the more abundant birds in some urban places Some ornithologist consider native because the dispersion was “natural”. Passer domesticus (House Sparrow) Origin: Part of Eurasia and North Africa Introduction event: Possibly an intentional introduction around 1850-1860 with political implication. Impacts: Political Spread disease and parasite Urban disturb Block drain Crop damages Garden damages Electric hazard Predation of small vertebrates Airport interference Excrement accumulation Competition for food and nest site Possibly the more abundant birds in Cuba Some ornithologist including as native or innocuous introduced birds . Species considered as natives Origin Gonatodes albogularis fuscus: Sudamericano Hemidactylus turcicus: Mediterraneo Hemidactylus mabouia: Africa Hemidactylus angulatus: Africa Hemidactylus frenatus: Africa and Asia Spherodactylus argus: Jamaica Commensal species Distributed in the beginning in coastal zone and harbors. Introduction way Slave trade Impacts: Phobia to reptiles Competition Damages painted walls Trade and commerce Some herpetologist consider native because the dispersion could be “natural” Fishes Clarias gariepinus Original distribution: Africa Introduction date: 1999-2000 Impacts: possible predator of cave blind fishes Lucifuga (3 very rare and local endemic species). Predation Frog, fishes, etc. Cayo Saetia, north eastern Cuba Priority for conservation • Reduce the level of infestation of invasive vertebrates (wild cat, wild dog and black rat) in Solenodon and Polymita habitats. • Black rat eradication in the islands (Cayo Fragoso y Cayo Salinas) to protect small hutias Mesocapromys auritus and M. angelcabrerai • Control of invasive vertebrates in Zapata Swamp where there are many threated native vertebrate like: Gallinuela de Santo Tomás (Cyanolimnas cerverai), Zapata Sparrow (Torreornis inexpectata), dwarf Hutia (Mesocapromys nanus), etc. • Assessment impacts in other many invasive vertebrates. List of priority islands with conditions for eradication Name of Area Island/Cay (Ha) Location Archipela UICN Red Listed (Lat/Lon) go single island endemic species (Local ENDEMICs) Invasive Vertebrate Species names, and if confirmed there Eradication attempted or completed there? Protected Area Status? (Part of a protected area, name) 1.Cayo Campo 21368 ha -82,17,59 21,34,11 Canarreo Dendrosygna alborea Buteogallus gundlachi Caretta caretta Chelonia mydas Cyclura nubila Crocodylus acutus Capromys piloridesssp Leiocephalus cubensis pambasileus Rr, Fsc, Clf, Mf - RF monkey Campo Rosario 2.Cayo Cantiles 3900 ha -82,02,00 21,36,00 Canarreo Cyclura nubila Eretmochelys imbricate Dendrosygna alborea Buteogallus gundlachi Sphaerodactylus storeyae Anolis luteogularis coctilis Caraiba andreai melopyrrha Capromys pilorides Fsc, Rr, Mm, Ca RF monkey Campo Rosario Canarreo Capromys garridoi ? Caretta caretta Chelonia mydas Cyclura nubila Buteogallusgundlachi Charadrius melodus Sphaerodactylus storeyae Rr, Rn, Mm, Capromys pilorides Fsc, Clf 3.Cayo Largo del Sur 3800ha -81,28,39 21,37,35 12 islands Cayo Santa Maria Cayo Fragoso Cayo la Sagra Cayos del Pajonal Cayo Pasaje Cayo La Loma Important factors to affect eradication success (people living on island, tourist visits, prohibited area etc) Bi Rat control RE Cayo largo People, tourist, hotels Sd Cayo Ballenato del Medio Cayo Maja 3 Plus a list of Bibliography reference about biodiversity in Islands. Institutions and NGO,s linked with Conservation and Invasive vertebrates in Cuba Institutions • National Center of Protected Area • Enterprise for the Conservation of the Flora and Fauna • Center of Biosecurity • University of Habana • Institute of Ecology and Systematics • Institute of Tropical Geography • National Aquarium • Institute of Health Plant • Center of Coastal Ecosystems • Institute of Oceanology • National Museum of Natural History • GaviotaTour, S.A. • BIOECO NGO,s • Cuban Zoological Society • Antonio Nunez Jimenez Foundation • Cuban Geography Society • Cuban Botanic Society Conclusion • The compilation Invasive Vertebrates in Cuba is an important baseline, including to other Caribbean islands. • Increased the understand of the Invasive Species problem (stakeholders, protected area workers, rangers, scientific, students, etc.). • The CNAP workshop to review of Protected Area Management Plans in 2014 included more and better information. • Important to establish the priority for conservation What we need? • Need to assessment impacts. • Need control and eradication. • The protected area need continue building capacities about Invasive specie. • Need for national and international funds for conservation and cooperation. Muchas Gracias Priorities Based on historical engagements in Cuba, review and analysis of conservation opportunities, gaps and biodiversity threats, the following approach is recommend as priority actions: 1) Engage and meet with key Cuban conservation institutions to build confidence and trust in common conservation goals, initiated through a focused workshop that includes information exchange 2) Identify, prioritize and develop an action agenda for high value conservation targets through a joint public-private information review using key scientific knowledge 3) Initiate and operationalize on-the-ground conservation actions that implement the action agenda by removing invasive vertebrates from prioritized offshore islands in order to demonstrate the conservation tool proof-of-concept and effective conservation collaboration.