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Goal 6
Imperialism
The US Expands
Factors that Led to the Spanish-American War
Markets & Raw Materials
• American needed new markets
for its goods.
•America needed materials from
abroad. (American frontier was
closed.)
Anglo-Saxon “Superiority”
•The belief that the Anglo-Saxon race
was superior fueled imperialism.
•Europeans (Anglo-Saxons) were dividing
Africa into colonies.
•Americans felt that they should not fall
behind in the race for colonies.
Sea Power
•Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan urged the
U.S. to acquire a modern fleet, naval
bases in the Caribbean, a canal across
the Isthmus of Panama, and Pacific
Islands including Hawaii.
•Congress build up the American navy.
Spanish-American War
• The US had been interested in Cuba since the early 1800s.
• Cuba fought two wars-in 1868 and again in 1895-for
independence from Spain.
• The war of 1895 was led by Jose Marti, a journalist who had
lived in exile in New York City.
• The Spanish were led by General Valeriano Weyler, who
relocated many Cuban people to concentration camps.
• Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer played up the conflict to boost the circulation of
their newspapers. Both papers emphasized Spanish
“atrocities”, calling Weyler “the Butcher.” (Yellow
journalism)
Effects of the Spanish American War
• By 1898, the U.S. had the third largest navy in
the world – behind only Great Britain and
France.
• The U.S. obtained naval bases in the
Caribbean after the Spanish-American War.
US Possessions
• Alaska
• Philippines
• Virgin Islands
US Protectorates
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Cuba
Panama
Nicaragua
Dominican Republic
Hawaiian Islands
Questions to Consider
• Why would a nation founded on democratic
principles want to take possession of another
country or territory? Get new markets, new
sources of raw materials, spread democracy
• How might a nation acquire new territory?
War, peaceful takeover, treaties, economic
pressure
Teddy Roosevelt and Imperialism
Digging the big ditch!
Several Needs Support Imperialism
1. Anglo-Saxon Superiority
2. Need for markets and raw materials
3. Desire for sea power
Alfred Thayer Mahan
• The Influence of Sea Power Upon History,
1660-1783
• Need a navy to defend shipping lanes
• Need strategically located bases where fleets
could refuel
• US should acquire: modern fleet, naval bases
in Caribbean Sea, a canal across Panama,
Hawaii and other islands in the Pacific
The Situation in Cuba
• Americans disagree on what to do in Cuba.
• A second war for independence broke out in
Cuba in 1895, led by Jose Marti. Public
opinion was split.
Thoughts of Jose Marti
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Liberty is the right of every man to
be honest, to think and to speak
without hypocrisy.
One just principle from the depths
of a cave is more powerful than an
army.
Like stones rolling down hills, fair
ideas reach their objectives despite
all obstacles and barriers. It may
be possible to speed or hinder
them, but impossible to stop them.
We are free, but not to be evil, not
to be indifferent yo human
suffering. Man is not free to watch
impassively the enslavement and
dishonor of men, or their struggles
for liberty and honor.
Causes of the Spanish American War
• The Cuban condition (concentration camps)
• Yellow journalism
• De Lome Letter (Besides the natural and inevitable coarseness
with which he repeats all that the press and public opinion of Spain has
said of Weyler, it shows once more what McKinley is: weak and
catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to
leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party.))
• U.S.S. Maine
Cuban Condition, Yellow Journalism, General De
Lome, Explosion of the Maine
Fronts of the War
The US Invades Cuba
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Navy was ill-prepared
Not enough guns
Most officers were Civil War veterans.
San Juan Hill: Theodore Roosevelt's’ Rough
Riders and 2 African American Regiments
charged up the hill; Dec.10, the U.S. and Spain
signed the Treaty of Paris, 1898.
Treaty of Paris, 1898
• Cuba was to become independent.
• US would take over Puerto Rico and Guam.
• US took over Spain’s role as the ruler of the
Philippines.
• US promised to pay Spain $20 million.
Cuba After the War
• Cuba becomes a protectorate: a country
whose affairs are controlled by a stronger
power (United States)
• America’s military responsibilities: gave food
and clothing; built roads, railroads, dock
facilities; helped farmers; reopened University
of Havana and organized elementary schools
The Teller Amendment
• This amendment declared that Cuba was
independent from Spain and authorized the
U.S. to use military force to secure Cuba from
any other country attempting to control Cuba.
Platt Amendment
• Cuba was not to make treaties threatening its
independence.
• Cuba was not to permit any foreign power to control
any part of its territory.
• U.S. had the right to intervene in Cuba’s internal
affairs.
• Cuba was not to go into debt.
• U.S. could buy and lease land on the island for
coaling or naval stations. (Guantanamo Bay)
• The result was that Cuba became a protectorate of
the U.S.
Economic Ties
• U.S. made large loans to Cuba.
• American corporations invested heavily Cuba’s
sugar plantations and refineries, public
utilities, and railroads.
• The bulk of Cuba’s foreign trade was with the
United States.
Puerto Rico
• Becomes a commonwealth
• Foraker Act, 1900 – provided for a governor to
be appointed by the President of the U.S.
• The President received the power to appoint
members of the legislative upper house.
• Members of the lower house were elected.
Puerto Rico
• 1917-became citizens of the U.S.
• 1950- Puerto Rico drafted their own
constitution.
• 1952- Puerto Rico became a commonwealth
(could make its own laws and handle its own
finances, while U.S. took care of defense and
tariffs)
Hawaii
• American interest in Hawaii began because it
was a good stopping place on the way to
China.
• Missionaries were also interested in
converting the native Hawaiians to
Christianity.
• American businessmen were interested in the
sugar plantations.
Results of American Interest
• Hawaiians lost control of the islands because
plantations owners wanted closer ties with the U.S.
• Hawaiian-born white businessmen forced King
Kalakaua to change the constitution so that only men
who owned land or had a certain income could vote.
Therefore, control of the government passed into the
hands of businessmen of American descent.
Hawaii
• Queen Liliuokalani is deposed.
• August 12, 1898- Hawaiian islands became a
territory of the U.S.
• 1959- became the 50th state
Queen Liliuokalani
Battle for the Philippines
• Conflict breaks out in Manila.
• President Taft served as the civilian governor
of the Philippines, 1901-1904.
• 1916- Jones Act replaced the appointed upper
house with an elected senate
• July 4, 1949-Philippines became an
independent republic
The Insular Cases, 1901
• Question: Would the U.S> grant full
constitutional privileges to the people of the
new possessions?
• Ruling: The Constitution does not
automatically apply to newly acquired
possessions.
The United States Becomes A World
Power
• Open Door Policy- US wanted a larger share in
the China Market.
• John Hay proposed that all nations be allowed
to compete on equal terms; he was against
the spheres of influence.
• That made the U.S. appear more favorable to
China.
Open Door Policy
The Boxer Rebellion
• Some Chinese nationalists wanted to end
foreign influence in China.
• The Boxers massacred 300 foreigners and
Chinese Christians in 1900 launching their
Boxer Rebellion.
• The US and other imperial powers sent troops
to fight the Boxers and eventually put the
rebellion down.
Russo-Japanese War
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Japan won.
Japan asked the US to mediate.
Teddy Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth.
Japan gained ½ Sakhalen Island off the coast of
Siberia.
• Russia agreed to let Japan take over its interests in
Manchuria and Korea.
• Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for his
role in this.(1906)
Treaty of Portsmouth
Panama Canal
• Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty- gave the U.S. a 10mile –wide canal zone; gave Panama $10
million plus $250,000/year after 9 years;
guaranteed Panama’s independence, but U.S.
had right to intervene
• Canal opened August 15, 1914
Panama Canal Cartoon
Buffer Zone for the Canal Zone
The Monroe Doctrine
• The Monroe Doctrine was expanded.
• Roosevelt Corollary – the United States
became the international police force
Roosevelt Corollary/ “Big Stick
Diplomacy”
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
• Policy of using the United States government
to guarantee loans made to foreign countries
by U.S. businessmen
Some Members of the AntiImperialism League
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Mark Twain
Jane Addams
Samuel Gompers
Ambrose Bierce
Andrew Carnegie
Grover Cleveland
Wilson and Mexico
• War was raging in Mexico.
• August 1914- Venustiano Carranza took over
the Mexican government.
• 1916- One of Carranza’s enemies, Pancho
Villa, crossed the Rio Grande and killed 19
people in New Mexico.
• President Wilson sent a force of 15,000 men
to capture or kill Pancho Villa.
Wilson and Mexico
• General John Pershing took 15, 000 men into
Mexico to get Villa.
• In their pursuit, they nearly caused a war with
Mexico.
• Pancho Villa was never caught.
• WWI took Wilson’s attention away from
Mexico.
Election of 1900 Cartoon
The First Accidental President
Election of 1908
Election of 1912