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September 29, 2008 SWBAT: Discuss the early civilizations of Mesopotamia • Do now: Read and highlight “A story that matters: The Cradle of the Human Race” • Homework: Work on Hammurabi Code reading, answer questions on both sides Mesopotamia’s Geography • Between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers • This area is know as the Fertile Crescent, why? • There is little rain there, why is it so fertile? October 2, 2008 SWBAT: discuss the early empires of ancient Mesopotamia • Do now: finish question sheet with your partner • Homework: Complete “Sumerian City Planning” sheet, answer questions 1-3 on back • Short quiz on Mesopotamia City-States of Mesopotamia • First creators of Mesopotamian civilizations: – The Sumerians established a number of independent cities in southern Mesopotamia in about 3,000 B.C. • As the cities grew, their power grew, and they formed city-states • What are the characteristics of a city-state? Sumerian Cities • They were surrounded by walls • Houses were built out of sun-dried bricks, small houses for peasants, large houses for city officials, priests and priestesses • They invented the arch and the dome built out of mud bricks Gods, Goddesses, and Rulers • The most important building was the one dedicated to the main God or Goddess • The temple was built upon a Zigguratwhat is this? • The priests who supervised the temples had a lot of power- making the cities a theocracy • What is polytheism? Economy and Society • Chiefly farming, trade and industry eventually became important • Known for metalwork, wool textiles and pottery • Imported copper, tin, and timber what does this show about the Sumerian people? • Invention of the wheel in 3,000 B.C.- how did this improve life? Akkadian city-states • They spoke Semitic, therefore they are a Semitic people • They overran the Sumerian City-States, and set up the first EMPIRE (2340 B.C.) • What usually happens to empires? Why? • It fell by 2100 B.C. • Babylon eventually became a new empire in 1792 B.C.- ruled by Hammurabi – He controlled Sumer and Akkad Writing and Religion • Created by the Sumerians, Cuneiformwedge shaped impressions in clay • Why would Mesopotamians develop and use writing? • Wealthy boys who became scribes would become leaders of their cities, temples, armies • Why is writing important to an older society? October 3, 2008 SWBAT: take quiz on early civilizations • Do now: • take out homework • review for quiz • Homework: finish reading essentials questions from class • “Kingdoms of the Fertile Crescent” sheet and questions October 6, 2008 SWBAT: begin the early civilization of Egypt • Do now: take homework out – Brainstorm anything you know about Egypt, what comes to mind? – Homework: “The Code of Hammurabi”, answer essay question on back of last nights H.W. sheet – The well-developed Essay should be on a separate sheet of paper EGYPT!! • • • • What is the climate like in Egypt? What do people wear? How do they get around? Why do you think one of the earliest civilizations in the world started in Egypt? EGYPT!! • Geography- the Nile River begins in the heart of Africa and travels north where it splits, this triangular area is known as the Nile Delta • Lower Egypt: where the Nile Delta is • Upstream to the South is called Upper Egypt • The most important cities are at the tip of the delta, where the Nile divides The Nile • The flooding of the Nile was considered a miracle • It rose in the summer and reached its highest point in September and October and left mud that created a rich soil • “black land”= fertile land • “red land”= desert • Fastest way to travel October 7, 2008 SWBAT: Discuss physical features of Egypt • Do Now: atke a textbook from the shelf and fill in physical map of Africa • Homework: Natural defense • Egypt was hard to invade because of natural barriers • Deserts in the west and east • The red sea to the east • Cataracts (rapids) on the southern part of the Nile • Mediterranean sea to the North • How did Egyptians feel? Egyptian religion • Religion was just part of life, not separate at all • Polytheistic • The sun god was the source of life, had a human form (Atum) and Egyptian body form (Re) with the head of a falcon • Osiris and Isis were river and land gods • Osiris brought civilization to Egypt and was a symbol of resurrection • Osiris • Isis October 8, 2008 SWBAT: finish Egypt • Do Now: fill in Social Pyramid for Egyptian society Homework: “New Centers of Civilization” Answer questions 4-6 Social Pyramid Egyptian History • Three Periods – Old Kingdom – Middle Kingdom – New Kingdom • Each of these periods was marked by a time of stability • The time in between was chaotic and known as Intermediate period October 14, 2008 SWBAT: discuss Egyptian society Do now: take out homework Work on finishing “chapter 2, section 2, Egypt” • Homework: in at least a well-developed paragraph answer the following: What were the social classes of Ancient Egypt and identify the contributions of each to Egyptian society • Test next week Old Kingdom 2700-2200B.C. • Was an age of Prosperity • Powerful rulers reigned over unified states • Pharaoh initially meant house/ palace, what does it mean now? • The King is divine, what does this mean? • They had absolute power • A bureaucracy developed (administrative organization) • Vizier- was responsible to the Pharaoh Pyramids • Buildings dedicated to the dead, typically part of a larger complex • Large pyramid for the pharaohs burial, smaller pyramids for his families, mastabas for officials • The rooms were stocked with supplies, like what? • They believed there was two bodies, the physical one and the ka, the spiritual one • Used mummification, a process of drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting The Middle Kingdom 2062-1652 B.C. • 2062- 1652 B.C.- What was this time period considered? • Egypt conquered Nubia, which was in the South, why was Egypt able to expand? • Now the Pharaoh is a Shepard for society The New Kingdom 1567-1085 B.C. • Middle Kingdom was attacked by western Hyksos, why were they able to do this? • Egyptians learned how to use bronze from them, and mastered their military skills • They eventually were able to drive the Hyksos out of Egypt, how do you think? Why is this ironic? October 15, 2008 SWBAT: begin New Centers of Civilization • Do now: read primary source “An Egyptian Father’s Advice to his Son” – Does any part of the Egyptian father’s advice have value today for sons and or daughters? – Homework: “New centers of civilization” packet, answer questions 4-6 – Test on Tuesday Nomadic People • Pastoral nomads- domesticated animals for both food and clothing, they moved along regular routes to provide a steady source of nourishment for the animals • How do you think settled people viewed these nomads? • How do you think nomads reacted to civilized centers during times of draught and famine? • Indo-Europeans- were a large group of Nomadic people that made their way all across Europe- Hittites came from them The Phoenicians • Lived in an area of Palestine along the Mediterranean • Made their fortune from trading purple dye, glass, and lumber from the cedar forests of Lebanon • They developed an alphabet that had 22 signs that symbolized sounds • Eventually their alphabet went to the Greeks and therefore the Romans, which is what we still use today Israelites • Spoke Semitic • Beliefs were written in the Hebrew bible, the Old Testament • Where did the Israelites migrate from? To where? Where is Canaan? Why did they leave Palestine?? Where did they go? • King Solomon established control over Palestine where he built a large Temple • He expanded government and army and encouraged trade • Judaism came from Judah October 16 SWBAT: finish Egypt and begin studying the Assyrians Do now: With your 8 o’clock buddy, fill in chart on front page of last nights hoemwork • Homework: read and answer questions on reading essentials, Assyrians and Persian empires • Test Tuesday Religion Cities Geography Writing and Literature Achievements Egyptian Society Economy Art Government Religion Cities Geography Writing and Literature Achievements Egyptian Society Economy Art Government October 20, 2008 SWBAT: understand the significance of Assyria and Persia • Do now: take out homework • Homework: complete study guide and study for test The Assyrian Empire • Used Iron weapons in order to gain control and establish an empire- it includes parts of Mesopotamia, the Iranian Plateau, sections of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt • Eventually lost power and was split in two • Kings with absolute power organized governments, relay posts were established to communicate, they developed a effective army • The army was very violent and cruel Persian Empire • King Nebuchadnezzar made Babylonia the leading state in Western Egypt • Who is Cyrus and what did he do? • He was very wise, and allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem- what does he have for other cultures? • What did Darius do to his empire? Why? • What are some characteristics of Zoroastrianism?