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Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) Chapter 2: The Fertile Crescent Chapter Notes I. Land Between Two Rivers a. The first known schools were set up in the land of Sumer i. Sumerian Boys and possibly girls were taught the new invention of ________________. ii. Graduates of these schools became ______________or professional writers. b. The Geographic Setting i. The Location of Mesopotamia 1. From the Greek words meaning “__________________________________.” 2. Mesopotamia lies between the ___________ and _____________________ rivers. 3. Mesopotamia is a part of the ____________________________, a region in Southwest Asia that was the site of the world’s first civilizations. ii. Rivers of Life and Death 1 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 1. Spring flooding moved topsoil from the mountains to the plains below. 2. _____________ sometimes left destruction. Racing down without warning, they swept away people, animals, crops and houses. c. The First Cities i. Independent Cities Form 1. Cities in Mesopotamia shared a common culture and language, they remained politically ______________________ city-state. 2. Each Sumerian acted as a separate state, with its own special god or goddess, its own government, and eventually its own king. ii. A Brief Tour of a Sumerian City 1. Merchants displayed goods in outdoor stalls. For a fee, scribes would ____________or _______________ letters for those who could not read or write. 2. Sumerian houses faced away from the crowded streets onto inner ___________________ where families ate and children played. d. Sumerian Religion i. A ____________________ was a large brick building in the middle of the city with a temple to the main god or goddess of the city. ii. Sumerian Temples 1. Religious, social, and economic activities took place at the temple sites. 2 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. Ziggurats were pyramids made of terraces, one on top of the other, linked by ____________ and _______________. Some were more than seven stories high. 3. The top level was a shrine. They believed the gods _________________ to Earth using the ziggurat as a stairway. iii. Ancient Religious Beliefs 1. _____________________ is a belief in many gods and goddesses. 2. __________________ are stories about the gods. iv. Honoring the Gods 1. Sumerians washed the statues of the gods before and after each meal was offered. 2. Music sounded and incense burned as huge plates of food were laid before them. v. The Fall of Sumer 1. _______________became its downfall. Sumerian city-states fought each other over land and the use of the river water. 2. Around 2300 B.C., Sumer was conquered by the armies of neighboring __________________. 3. King _____________ united the Sumerian city-states and improved Sumer’s government and its military. 4. Sumer fell to a northern rival, _______________, in the 1700s B.C. Stop - End of Section 3 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) II. Babylonia and Assyria a. The Two Empires of Mesopotamia i. Mesopotamia is filled with stories of conquest. The army that could conquer Mesopotamia gained great wealth from ____________ and _______________________________. ii. The biggest and most important Mesopotamia civilizations were the empires of ___________________ and ____________________. iii. An empire is an area of many territories and peoples that is ____________________ by one government. iv. The beautiful city of _______________ was the center of the Babylonian empire. v. The Assyrians, named after the northern city of ___________, began expanded their lands in 1300s B.C. By the 600s B.C. , they controlled a large empire. b. The Babylonian Empire i. A Babylonian king named _____________________ created the Babylonian Empire by uniting the cities of Sumer. ii. A Crossroads of Trade 1. The Babylonians created a system of roads throughout the empire. The roads made travel easier, improved communication between cities and _________________trade. 4 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 2. ____________________, or groups of travelers, stopped in Babylon on their way to and from Sumer and Assyria. 3. _____________ made Babylon rich. iii. Wealth Through Conquest 1. 1760 B.C., Hammurabi conquered the city of Mari. 2. By 1600 B.C., the empire had shrunk and was finally destroyed. c. The Empire of the Assyrians i. Assyria lay in __________ ___________, making it easy for other peoples to invade. 1. Since they were always defending, they became skilled ________________. 2. They decided the best defense was to ________________. 3. By 650 B.C. they had conquered a large empire. ii. Assyria’s Contributions 1. They invented the _________________________, a powerful weapon having a wooden beam mounted on wheels. 2. Other weapons included archers, slings, armor, helmets and chariots. 3. Capitol was Nineveh. a. Had a remarkable library that held thousands of clay tablets with writings from Sumer and Babylon. 5 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) b. These writings helped us know a great deal about life in Mesopotamia. iii. Assyria Overthrown 1. Assyria was overthrown by the __________ and the __________________ in 612 B.C. d. Babylonia Rises Again i. Under the Chaldeans, the Babylonian Empire rose again. ii. Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylonia 1. Nebuchadnezzar II rebuilt ______________ which was destroyed by the Assyrians. 2. His royal _____________was built on several terraces that rose to the height of some 350 feet. It has a dazzling landscape of trees and gardens. (See handout) iii. Advances in Learning 1. The New Babylonian Empire became the center of learning and science. a. Charted paths of _________________ b. Measured the _____________ of the year c. Raised _______________________ 2. The New Babylonian Empire fell to the Persians in 539 B.C. Stop - End of Section III. The Legacy of Mesopotamia 6 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) a. Hammurabi’s Code i. ________________ – and organized list of laws. ii. Eye for an Eye – Punishment was _____________ to the crime committed. iii. Established a set of organized, “written” laws for people to follow. The oldest found to date. b. The Art of Writing i. Writing invented around 3100 B.C. in Sumer ii. Ancient Scribe recorded sales, taxes, gifts for the gods, marriages, deaths, calculated food and equipment supplies, etc. iii. Wrote on clay tablets. iv. Invention of writing: 1. Started from using tokens with ______________ on them to keep track of commerce. (Buying and selling) 2. First written words were just symbols representing specific _________________________. 3. Scribes started combining the symbols to make groups of wedges and lines know as ______________________. Stop - End of Section IV. Mediterranean Civilizations a. Tyre – _______________ were used to make a purple dye used in dying cloth. The dye made Tyre a wealthy city. b. Phoenician Sea Power 7 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) i. Masters of Trade 1. They traded their dyed cloth and cedar lumber to neighboring people. 2. From 1100 B.C. to 800 B.C. Phoenicia was a great _______ power. 3. They told stories of horrible _______________ in the ocean depths to keep people from competing for trade in the Atlantic. ii. Exotic Marketplaces 1. ________________ swelled with foods brought from other places like figs, olives, honey, and spices. 2. They also sold strange animals like giraffes and warthogs from Africa and bears from Europe. c. The Phoenician Alphabet i. They relied on _______________ to help them conduct trade. ii. They developed a writing system that used just 22 symbols, known as the Phoenician _____________________. 1. Alphabet is a set of symbols that represent the ____________ of language. 2. The alphabet was easier to learn so many more people could write using the new alphabet. 3. The Phoenician sea _____________ help spread the alphabet’s use. d. The Rise of the Israelites 8 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) i. Hebrews later became known as the ________________ settles in the Jordan River valley south of Phoenicia. ii. Abraham the Leader 1. Practiced and taught ____________________, the belief in one god, to his people. 2. Abraham was told by God to leave Mesopotamia and settle elsewhere. iii. From Canaan to Egypt 1. Abraham settled in ____________________. 2. Famine, a time when there is so little food that many people ______________, caused them to move to Egypt. 3. An Egyptian King grew suspicious of their power and enslaved them. iv. In the Desert 1. An Israelite leader named ______________ led his people out of Egypt in what was called the “Exodus.” 2. For 40 years, the Israelites wandered through the desert of _____________ Peninsula. 3. The Torah states that at the time they were given the “Ten Commandments,” a code of laws written by God. 4. They returned to Canaan. v. Settlement in Canaan 9 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 1. They united under King ____________, who defended them against their enemies. 2. The second king, ___________, established the capitol in ________________________. vi. A Divided Kingdom 1. David’s son, _________________, inherited the kingdom. 2. After Solomon’s death, the kingdom split into two a. The north was named Israel. b. The south was named ______________. 3. The divided kingdom made it an easy target for invasion. 4. ________________ conquered the north and then the south. vii. Sent into Exile 1. In 722 B.C. the Israelites revolted. They were sent into exile to other parts of the empire. 2. King __________________________ destroyed the capital city of Stop - End of Section Jerusalem. V. Judaism a. The Beliefs of Judaism i. A Promise to the Israelites 1. Believed that God was ___________________ instead of being connected with a place or person. 2. They believe that God knows everything and has complete power. 10 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 3. Because of a covenant with Abraham, the Israelites consider themselves God’s “_______________________________.” 4. Moses was the leader of the Israelites around 1200 B.C. ii. The Ten Commandments 1. List of religious duties and correct behavior given to Moses by God. 2. The Torah, the sacred text of Judaism, set out many other laws. a. Also known as the Pentateuch. b. First five books in the Old Testament in the Holy Bible i. Genesis, Exodus Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. iii. Judaism and Women 1. Some laws protected women. iv. Justice and Morality 1. Prophets, or religious teachers who are reguarded and speaking for God. b. The Effects of Judaism i. The Romans drove the Jews out of their homeland in _______ A.D. ii. They scattered to different parts of the world. iii. New Settlements 1. They lived in close communities to preserve their heritage. iv. Effects on Later Religions 11 Name: _________________________ Period:_________ (10 pts. OFF FOR NO NAME) 1. Christianity and Islam have their beginnings in Judaism. a. They all attribute their beginnings to Abraham and Moses. 12