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City-States in Mesopotamia Chapter 2 Section 1 Geography of the Fertile Crescent Fertile Plains Mesopotamia was also known as the ________________ because after the yearly flood a thick bed of mud called _______ was deposited. Huge amounts of wheat and barley were grown in the rich, new soil allowing villages to _________. • Environmental Challenges ________________ arrived in South Mes. around 3500 BC, probably attracted by the good ____________. There were, however, three disadvantages to their new _________________: 1) River _______________ were unpredictable and left the field dry after the water dried up. 2) The little ________ they lived in had no protection. 3) Natural ___________________ of stone, wood, and metal were limited. • Creating Solutions They began to dig _____________ ditches that carried river water to their fields, they built city ___________ of mud brick for defense, and they _____________ with mountain people. Sumerians Create City-States Sumerians built a number of __________, these and the surrounding _________ it controlled formed a __________________. • The Power of Priests Sumer’s earliest govts were controlled by the temple ____________, who took a portion of every farmer’s __________ as ____________. • Monarchs Take Control In time of war, the ___________ of the city chose a tough fighter to lead the city’s soldiers. Eventually, because of frequent ________, control of standing armies was left in the ______________ control of these men. In time, some military leaders became full-time rulers, or ___________; sometimes passing rule to their rule _________ – and so on… such a series of rulers from a single family is called a _______________. • The Spread of Cities Along with trade of goods came the trade of ____________ and ___________. This process of a new idea or a product spreading from one culture to another is called cultural _____________________. 2 Sumerian Culture • A Religion of Many Gods _______________ is the belief in many gods. Sumerians believed that many different gods controlled forces of ____________, about 3,000 of them. They also believed these gods did many of the same things humans do – so to make them happy they built wonderful _______________ and offered sacrifices of animals, food, and wine. The Epic of ___________________ is a Sumerian long poem, one of the earliest works of __________________ in the world. The beliefs and legends found in this ___________ greatly influenced other ancient cultures. • Life in Sumerian Society Social class society – Priests and kings made up the ___________ level, wealthy merchants ranked next, the majority worked with their __________ and made up the third level, ____________ were the lowest level. Some slaves were captured from other places, others were Sumerians sold into slavery as ______________ to pay the debts of their parents. Slaves could earn __________________. Women could hold the same _________ as men, hold property in their own name, and join the lower ranks of priesthood. They probably could not go to school. • Sumerian Science and Technology Invented wheel, sail, and ________. First to use bronze and the first system of writing (cuneiform). _______, early arithmetic and ___________; and in architecture – arches, columns, and ramps, were also invented. The First Empire Builders ___________________ were almost at constant ______ with each other. • Sargon of Akkad About 2350 BC, a conqueror named _____________ defeated Sumer. Sargon was from _____________, a ____________ (spoke a language related to Arabic and Hebrew) city-state north of Sumer. By taking control of both n. & s. Mes, Sargon created the world’s first ___________ – brings together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states under the control of one ruler. Lasted about 200 years, declined due to ________________ fighting, invasions, and a severe _____________. 3 • Babylonian Empire Around 2000 BC, nomadic warriors known as _____________, also Semitic, took over Sumeria and established their capital at ______________. The Babylonian Empire reached its peak during the reign of __________________ (1792-1750 BC), known for the code of laws he put together. • Hammurabi’s Code Used a single, uniform __________ that helped unify the diverse groups within his empire. Had these laws engraved in ___________ and ____________ placed all over his empire. Used the “Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” punishments, and the responsibility of govt to its citizens (If thief not caught, govt pays for loss)