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Transcript
The Renaissance The Age of Discovery 1300-1500 Made by: Sarah Gilliam and Lena Han Transition from the Medieval World to the Renaissance • When Constantinople fell to the Muslim Turks in 1453, Byzantine Christians fled to the West • These refugees brought with them classical scholarship that had originally been lost to the West • Medieval artists who originally strove to suggest strong spiritual characters started exploring ways to suggest actual figures standing in realistic landscapes during the Renaissance • An increased interest in this world, rather than the spiritual world, was emphasized (Humanism). Humanism • Humanism emphasizes the importance of human beings, their actions, and inherent individual value • Focus of education shifted to the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy • Tried to produce people more engaged in civic life • Attention shifted to Jesus’s life and the early martyred saints • Increased emphasis on materialism, leading to the beginning of capitalism Secularism • Dealing with non-religious matter • Closely related to humanism, the philosophy, literature, and art of the Renaissance began to include themes more related to humans • For example, Shakespeare wrote plays about themes such as jealousy, love, and political power Individualism • Belief in individual values of each person in society • Attention did not shift away from religion. Rather, it shifted to the individual person’s relationship to God • Celebrated things that made each person different, including appearance, personalities, talents, and skills Classicism • Renaissance comes from the word “rebirth”, referring to the reemergence of classical ideals • Renewed interest in art and learning of Greeks and Romans • People began studying long-forgotten books written during the Classical Age • Borrowed Greek and Roman architecture and sculpture Two separate Renaissances in Europe The Southern Renaissance • Italy • Focused on accurate visual structure (Perspective) • Ideal beauty • Fresco and Tempura Paint The Northern Renaissance • The Netherlands, France, and Germany • Oil Paints on altarpieces • Intense Realism • Protestant Reformation and Counter Reformation Beginning of Southern Renaissance • Double shelled Dome design, developed by Brunelleschi • Based on Roman arches and domes Dome of the Florence Cathedral Beginning of Southern Renaissance • Greater emphasis on naturalism • Sculpture was influenced by the Greeks David, by Donatello First freestanding nude statue High Renaissance • Leonardo Da Vinci was an inventor, architect, engineer, painter, sculptor, scientist, and musician, the epitome of a Renaissance Man. • Sfumato, coming from the Italian word fumo, meaning smoke, is the use of mellowed colors and a blurred outline. Mona Lisa High Renaissance • Michelangelo was the most well-known sculptor of the Renaissance. David Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel High Renaissance • Linear and Atmospheric Perspective The School of Athens (Philosophy), Raphael Sanzio The School of Athens, Raphael Pythagoras Socrates Diogenes Euclid Aristotle Plato The School of Athens, Raphael Cont. • Includes statues of Apollo and Athena • Vanishing point in the piece is between Plato and Aristotle • Was painted using fresco on one of the walls in the Pope’s library at the Vatican • Also is known as the wall representing Philosophy • Part of the Stanza della Segnatura. High Renaissance • Tintoretto combines some Mannerist techniques with Charioscuro • Mannerism: works characterized by the distortion of certain elements such as perspective, the use of acidic colors, and the twisted positioning of subjects • Chiaroscuro: dramatic contrasts of light and dark The Temptation of Adam Northern Renaissance • More focus put towards real aspects of society. • Portrayed all types of citizens. (Both peasants and nobility) • Famous for mainly oil paintings on wood. • Used atmospheric perspective. The Peasant Dance, Peter Brueghel The Four Horsemen, Durer The Van Eycks • Hubert Van Eyck was a very popular artist during the Renaissance, but he now is overshadowed by his brother Jan Van Eyck, who took over the Ghent Altarpiece once Hubert died. • Jan Van Eyck also made the Arnolfini Wedding, one of his more famous pieces. The Ghent Altarpiece The Arnolfini Wedding Ghent Altarpiece Open view Closed view