Download Ch.9 The French Revolution and the Rise of Napoleon

Ch. 9 Study Guide The French Revolution and Napoleon Name______________
SOURCE 8
Source What is the general cause of
the French Revolution?
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What specific evidence from the source supports
this general cause?
The French Revolution and Napoleon Study Guide
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Ch. 9 Section 1 Pgs 152-154 Complete worksheet below.
SETTING THE STAGE:
Reasons France was considered the center of the Enlightenment:
1. Considered the most advanced country in Europe.
2. Had a large population & prosperous foreign trade.
3. Culture praised & emulated by the rest of the world.
THE OLD REGIME: The long-range causes of the French Revolution are to be found in the condition of
French society. Before the Revolution, French society was based on inequality. Since the Middle Ages,
France’s population was divided into three orders, or estates.
First Estate
This estate was also
called?
What % of land did
the estate collectively
own?
What was the population
of this estate?
Did the estate pay taxes?
The estate was composed
of what kind of people?
Identify any divisions
within the estate.
What problem(s) did this
estate have with other
estates?
Please be specific!
Second Estate
Third Estate
The End of the Old Regime
Following the Tennis Court Oath (Source 7) and the storming of the Bastille (Source 8) in July of 1789, the old
French Regime was on the verge of collapse. On August 4, 1789, the National Assembly (Source 7) voted to
abolish all legal privileges of the nobles and clergy. A couple of weeks later, the National Assembly adopted
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
1. On Pg. 155, outline some of the rights outlined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
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In the spring of 1792, Paris citizens angry about food shortages and an unpopular
war with Austria took King Louis XVI captive. The French Revolution was now
entering a more radical and violent stage. Many of these radical citizens were
called sans-culottes.
2. Who were the sans-culottes? (Pg. 155)
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In September 1792, the newly elected National Convention voted to abolish the monarchy and to establish a
republic. During this time many citizens had formed political clubs of varying social and political views.
3. What were the names of two popular political clubs? (Pg. 155)
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In early 1793, the Jacobins convinced the Convention to pass a decree condemning
Louis XVI to death. On January 21, the king was beheaded on the guillotine.
4. What were two consequences (effects) of the King’s death? (Pg. 159)
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5. Who will emerge as the violent leader of the Jacobins? (Pg. 159)
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Reign of Terror
Following the execution of the King, the Convention argued about how the country should be run and how the war
should be fought. This debate became much more heated following a peasant uprising in La Vendée against compulsory
military service. Two main groups emerged with very different ideas.
Group
The Jacobins
(Radical)
The Girondins
(Moderate)
Leader
Jean Marat
Max Robespierre
Georges Danton
Madame Roland
Idea
“We must suspend free speech and liberty
so we can win the war. Otherwise, there
will be nothing left to defend”
“We must preserve the ideals of free
speech and liberty at all costs. Otherwise
the Revolution is not worth fighting for”
1. Which of these two views do you agree with most? Why?
In the end, the Jacobins seized control of the Convention and expelled the Girondins. Their main leaders were as follows:
Georges Danton
Jean-Paul Mara
Maximilien Robespierre
Louis Saint-Just
"We must dare, and again dare,
and forever dare."
He was known for his ugliness –
he had been twice gorged by a
bull, and trampled over by a herd
of pigs as a child.
Danton did not agree with Marat
and Robespierre that the
Girondins be executed as “traitors
to the Revolution” – so he was
thrown out of the government. He
felt Robespierre hadn’t got the
guts to arrest him, but he was
wrong. He was sent to the
guillotine. His last words were
“Infamous Robespierre! The
scaffold is calling for you! Your
house shall be razed! You shall
follow me!". He left instructions
for his head to be held up for the
crowd after his execution because
“it’s well worth looking at!”.
“God has always been hard on the
poor”.
He was known as “The Toad” due
to his ugliness. Suffered from a
rare disease that left his skin
peeling off in lumps.
“Every Revolution eats its
children”
He was a talented lawyer with
amazing energy, dedication and
intelligence, but with a streak of
absolute ruthlessness.
Robespierre reacted to the death
of Marat by declaring “Let Terror
be the order of the day”. During
“The Terror” 40,000 people were
guillotined in just a few months.
He then called himself “The
Incorruptible” and organized a
bizarre “Festival of the Supreme
Being” suggesting that he was a
God! In July 1794 (the “Coup de
Thermidor”), police came to arrest
Robespierre himself, who had part
of his jaw shot off as he tried to
escape. He was carried off to the
Place de Revolutions in Paris and
guillotined, facing upwards. A wax
mask was made of his face [right]
by Madame Tussaud, who
exhibited her work in London and
later opened a museum.
“Keep cool and you command
everybody”
He was a young law student who
robbed his parents and ran away
to Paris, where he befriended
Robespierre.
Marat was soaking himself
in a herbal bath to relieve
his sores when he was
visited by Charlotte Corday,
a woman who claimed to
have details about a
planned rebellion. Whilst he
was jotting down notes, she
stabbed him through the
heart with a butcher’s knife.
Saint-Just was arrested at
the same time as
Robespierre. During the
Terror he had been
particularly bloodthirsty,
but during his trial he had a
nervous breakdown. He had
to be dragged screaming to
his cell after the death
sentence was passed, and
tore his shirt to shreds as he
was being led to the
scaffold.
2. Which of the quotes listed above do you find the most striking? Explain your answer carefully.
The End of the Reign of Terror
In the years 1793 — 1794, thousands of people suspected of anti-revolutionary activities or of helping
France’s enemies were sent to the guillotine. Who was executed? One of the first to be executed was
Marie-Antoinette, the former Queen. It is impossible to estimate how many people met their
deaths. More than 12,000 were officially guillotined, but many others were shot, drowned, or put to
death some other way. The Terror was supposed to help the revolution survive, but it was not just
the former members of the first and second estates who suffered at its hands. Of the 12,000 or so
who were guillotined, 1031 were Nobles; 2923 were from the middle classes; 674 were from the
clergy; 7878 were workers & peasants; and 140 were of unknown classes.
There were many incidents of horror during the Terror. In Lyons, a Jacobin ordered 300 people to be executed by
cannon fire as the guillotine was ‘too slow’. At Nantes, barges containing 2000 people were towed into the middle of the
River Loire and sunk. Everyone drowned. Birds hovered above the water, eating dead flesh. The river water was so
contaminated that fishing was banned. In Paris, thousands watched the executions. Women took their knitting with
them, bets were placed on the order the prisoners would be executed in.
Eventually, people got sick of all the killing, and by mid-1794, the Terror had died out. As the
Austrian threat decreased, so too did the need for the emergency government. Many now
looked for someone to blame for the Reign of Terror. The leading Jacobin, Robespierre found
himself at the centre of the blame, despite acting on the wishes and with the backing of the
Convention, and was arrested and locked up. In July 1794, Robespierre found himself facing the
same fate as thousands of other French people, the guillotine.
Following the Reign of Terror, a new government was created called the Directory. The Directory,
which lasted from 1795-1799, became known mainly for corruption. Some supporters of the
Directory made fortunes from government contracts or by loaning the government money at very
high interest rates. Because of the corruption and the expensive wars the Directory waged on
foreign enemies, the Directory started to encounter increasing criticism from both conservatives
and radicals. To stay in power, the Directory began to rely on the military. In 1799, the military
turned against the Directory. The successful and popular general Napoleon Bonaparte toppled the
Directory in a coup d’etat, a sudden overthrow of the government. Napoleon then seized power.
Questions
1. When did the Reign of Terror occur?
2. What was the name of Louis XVI’s wife? What happened to her?
3. True or False Only members of the first and second estates were executed.
4. What happened at Nantes?
5. Why did the Reign of Terror come to an end?
6. What Jacobin leader was executed for his participation in the Reign of Terror?
7. What was the government called after the Reign of Terror?
8. What happened to that government?
The Rise and Fall of Napoleon
1812: Napoleon invades
1769: Napoleon is born in
1815: Napoleon loses much
___________, an Italian
island that had recently been
taken over by France.
Napoleon was teased for the
rest of his life for having an
______________accent.
of his European Empire, and
the _________ ally with the
Dutch and the Prussians for
one last Battle at
_______________. Napoleon
is defeated, and sent into
exile. He dies alone in exile in
___________.
____________, but it is a
colossal failure. His army
suffers in the winter, and of
an army of _________ men,
only around ________
return alive. Napoleon’s
power begins to weaken.
Soon, Napoleon is sent into
exile on the island of ____.
1804 onwards: Napoleon
1784: Napoleon leaves
expands the French Empire
with a number of startling
military victories. He wins
Spain, Italy, Holland and
parts of Germany and
Austria. In many countries,
he makes a close friend or
family member ruler. His
brother Joseph is made
King of ______, his brother
Louis King of Holland.
Corsica for
______________, and
studies at the Military
Academy in Paris. He does
not make many friends, but
studies hard reading about
great military leaders such
as Alexander the Great. He
joins the __________army.
1796: Aged only ______,
Napoleon is placed in
charge of the 30,000
strong Army of Italy. His
inspiring leadership wins
much of Italy from the
____________, expanding
the French Empire and
making Napoleon a
national ___________.
1799: Napoleon returns to
Paris having been fighting in
_____________, and forces
himself into power over
France. He is made ‘first
___________’ with
______________ powers.
1799: Napoleon’s
reforms which provided
education and legal
rights prove popular
with the French people.
In 1804, Napoleon
crowns himself
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Congress of Vienna
Napoleon’s defeat left Europe in a SHAMBLES. The Congress of Vienna was called in 1815 in order to put Europe back
together again. The Person who led the Congress of Vienna was Prince Metternich of Austria.
Complete this chart using the information on Pg. 169-170 in text.
Compare this map to the map of Napoleonic
Europe on Pg. 166 in the text. What
countries gained territory from France after
the Congress of Vienna?
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