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The French Revolution and Napoleon Chapter 6 World History A Section 1 1. Know what “bourgeoisie” is and which groups of people made up the bourgeoisie. 2. Know what “ancient regime” was. 3. Know what many people believe the Bastille symbolized. 4. Know which groups of people and the percentage of the population that made up the three estates of French society. 5. Be able to cite several causes of the economic crisis in France. 6. Be able to describe what effect the national debt had on France. The French Middle Class. Bourgeoisie was made up of doctors, lawyers, businessmen, bankers, merchants, journalists, professors, but they were still part of the Third Estate The name given to the old order of French society—divided society into social classes (1st Estate-Clergy) (2nd Estate-Nobles) (3rd Estate) The Bastille was a symbol of tyranny of the French Government—represented the start of the French Revolution (France’s Independence Day) First Estate – Clergy 1% Second Estate – Nobles 2-4% Third Estate – Bourgeoisie, peasants and urban workers 95-97% Lavish spending to build the court The Seven Year’s War The American Revolution Enormous amounts of interest being paid on borrowed money Continued struggles for French people (especially Third Estate) The Third Estate demanded financial reforms First and Second Estates demanded the calling of the 7. Know why Louis XVI was forced to dismiss Jacques Necker. 8. Be able to describe the circumstances that led to the writing of the Tennis Court Oath. 9. Know which group of delegates broke away from the Estates-General and what they declared themselves to be. 10. Know which group within the Third Estate was the poorest. Section 2 11. Know who Olympe de Gouges was and what ultimately happened to her. 12. Know who Marie Antoinette was and several reasons why the French people hated her so badly. Estates General It worsened the economic crisis Necker had great economic ideas to help France but was still dismissed because he recommended that the First and Second Estates be taxed— clergy and nobles forced Louis XVI to dismiss him Deadlock over the issue of voting in the Estates General—the 3rd Estate wanted votes “by head” not by class, when they wouldn’t give in they were locked out and formed the National Assembly and wrote the Tennis Court Oath When they were denied the ability to vote “by head”, the 3rd Estate declared themselves the National Assembly, were locked out and forced to meet elsewhere…the tennis court, where they took the oath Rural Peasants A journalist that wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. She would later be executed for demanding equal rights for French women (and doing so publicly) Austrian born Queen of France (sister of Joseph II). Married to Louis XVI. Spent millions on an extravagant lifestyle while others in 13. Know who the sans-culottes were. 14. Know who the Emigres were. 15. Know who the Jacobins were. 16. Know what was used as a model when the Declaration of the Rights of Man was written. 17. Know who resisted the ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man. 18. Be able to describe how the National Assembly hoped to pay off the national debt. 19. Know how European monarchs and nobles felt about the French Revolution. 20. Know what the women who marched on Versailles demanded from the king. 21. Know what the Declaration of Pilnitz was and what other members of European France were starving. Would later be beheaded Working class men and women who demanded radical actions to right the wrongs in France People, mostly nobles and clergy, who had fled France to escape the revolutionary forces (safety fears and fear of losing status/money) Members of a revolutionary political club that led the radicals in the Legislative Assembly—Maximilien Robespierre was a prominent member The Declaration of Independence King Louis XVI Women many nobles to sell lands owned by the Church increase taxes on those who were previously untaxed They opposed it, fearing that the revolutionary ideas would spread to other parts of Europe and to their possible demise as a monarch or noble Women marched on Versailles demanding to speak with the King about more rights and food—they also required the King and Queen to return to Paris A document from the emperor of royalty were prepared to do. Austria (Marie Antoinette’s brother), threatening to intervene on behalf of the French monarchy Section 3 22. Know who Robespierre was. 23. Know what the guillotine was and during what period it was used. 24. Know why the revolutionaries wanted to abolish the monarchy 25. Know what the Convention created to deal with the threats to France. 26. Know which group was the dominant political power during the directory phase of the Reign of Terror. 27. Know which group of people received voting rights when the radicals took control of the Legislative Assembly in 1792. 28. Be able to describe what Robespierre believed needed to take place if France was to achieve a “republic of virtue”. 29. Know under whose authority trials and executions were carried out during the Reign of Terror. The main leader of the National Assembly and a member of the Jacobins A tool used to behead people that was used during the Reign of Terror They wanted abolish the monarchy so that they could set up a French Republic The Committee of Public Safety— 12 member committee, led by Robespierre, given almost absolute power in order to “save the revolution” The Bourgeoisie All male citizens Robespierre believed that in order for a “republic of virtue” to be achieved in France, the use of terror was necessary— justice (“Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their heads”) Executions were carried out under the authority of the Committee of Public Safety (led by Robespierre) Section 4 30. Know who Napoleon was and what accomplishments are credited to him. Napoleon rose to power in the 31. Know what guerrilla warfare was and how it was used. 32. Know what “abdicate” means. 33. Be able to cite several things that helped Napoleon rise to power. 34. Know what the Napoleonic Code was and what it was designed to reform. 35. Know which country Napoleon was unable to conquer. French military; he parlayed his military successes into political power The Napoleonic Code; a national constitution; property rights for more citizens; access to education A war tactic involving the use of the element of surprise in hit and run raids When a leader chooses to step down from power, usually involving the leader fleeing for reasons of personal safety He quickly rose to high rank in the French Army, winning spectacular battles against Austria and capturing most of Italy. He later went on to overthrew the Directory and set up the consulate Designed to reform France’s legal system, the Napoleonic Code included the Enlightenment principles of equality for all citizens before the law, religious toleration and the abolition of feudalism Napoleon was unable to conquer: Great Britain—although he had a greater army, he had a weaker navy that was defeated by the British at the Battle of Trafalgar Russia—once allies, Russia used “scorched-earthy policy” 36. Know what the Continental System was and for what reason it was developed. 37. Know what “scorched-earth policy” was and how it affected the war between France and Russia. 38. Know what the Congress of Vienna was and what goals they attempted to achieve. 39. Know what governing board Napoleon set up after he overthrew the directory. 40. Be able to cite several accomplishments made under the Napoleonic Code. 41. Know what was event the beginning of Napoleon’s downfall. 42. Know where Napoleon’s final defeat took place. and then counter attack to defeat France The Continental System was closing European ports to British goods (a blockade of sorts) and it was developed as a means to destroy Great Britain’s economic success Scorched earth policies involve the destruction of crops and villages(and anything of use by enemy troops) as Russian troops retreat from an area The Congress of Vienna wanted to restore “legitimacy” to the European monarchs by restoring the hereditary monarchs to power and to create a “balance of power” so that no European country could be strong enough to overthrow another European country Napoleon set up the Consulate included the Enlightenment principles of equality for all citizens before the law, religious toleration and the abolition of feudalism The beginning of Napoleon’s downfall was his failed attempt to invade Russia (leaving his army crippled—from 600,000 to 100,000 troops—and vulnerable to attack by his enemies The final defeat took place in Belgium during the Battle of Waterloo 43. Describe what nationalism is and how it was helpful to Napoleon and how it worked against him. Pride in you country Helped-French people had pride in Napoleon and supported his wars for expansion Hurt-other nationalities in Europe revolted against Napoleon’s French Empire controlling them.