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Ancient Egypt
Ms. Melick’s Core
Egyptian Geography
• Cropping
– Rivers provided natural irrigation and
fertilization for the soil.
• Shaduf
– Canals were dug to bring water that farmers
need for their crops
– Counter weight
Egyptian Geography
• Winnowing Fan
– Wooden fans
– Used to separate grain from chaff
• Winnowing
– Men gathered grain and chaff and threw it in the air
– Wind carried lighter chaff leaving the grain
– After donkeys brought wheat to the threshing floor,
two fans were used to separate grain from chaff.
Egyptian Geography
• Sickle
– A simple tool
– Made out of wood and flint teeth
– Made to cut crops
Egyptian Geography
• Harvest festival
– When dry season began, farmers dug
channels and canals to bring water to irrigate
their land
– In New Kingdom a lifting system called
Shaduf was introduced to raise water from the
river
– If crops failed, people would go hungry.
Egyptian Geography
• Nile River and farming
– Flooded every year
– Created new fertile soil, each year
– Farmers dug channels and canals to irrigate
land
– Years of low flood led to crops failing
Egyptian geography
• Three seasons of the Nile
– Flooding season is between/in June - Sept.
– Planting season is between/in October
– harvest season is between/in March
• Nile River
– surrounded by the Libyan desert, Arabian
desert, and Nubian desert
– Longest river in the world (4,100 miles long)
Egyptian geography
• Desert, banks, and rivers
– covers 90% land
– Egyptians lived on banks
– Red land
– Fertility has to make a civilization
– Nile river was fertile
Egyptian geography
• On the banks of the Nile
– Desert = Red land. covers more than 90% of
Egypt
– Egyptians lived beside the Nile river. area
near Nile R. was kemet = black land. Farmers
grew crops on the dark silt. Without this
fertility = no civilization in Egypt
– When the Nile river flooded it would water the
crops that the farmers planted
Egyptian geography
• Because of the Nile rivers rich soil it made,
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Wheat
Barley
Legumes
Lettuce
Onions
Leeks
Dills
Grapes
Melons
gourds
Egyptian geography
• Egyptian geography
– Egypt is commonly warm or hot/night
– Winter is cold
• Nile crops
– Chief crops were barley, wheat
– Chief crops were used for making beer, and bread
– Beans, lentils grown alongside leeks, onions
cabbages, radished, lettuces, cucumbers
– Juicy melons, dates, figs grown in desert oases.
Grapes grown in vinyards
Egyptian Jobs
• Hunting
– Bulls, Gazelles, Oryx, Antelopes, Lions
– Used spears, and Bow & Arrows
• Fishing
– Time of Pharaohs Fishing & Farming
produced A lot of food
Work of the people
• Farm laborers worked in wealthy men's
property
– Received very little for pay
– Most of the workers in the Nile valley were
farm laborers
• Pay
– Barley and grain
– They did not use money, they used a barter
system
Warfare
• Bow & Arrow
– Shot up to 890ft(260 meters)
• Other Weapons
– Mostly made out of gold
– Sword, shield, daggers Chariots
– Lighter and faster and smooth on rough
ground
– More fighting capabilities
Carpentry
• Well paid
• Wood
– Dark used for statues, Harps, furniture
• Roofing beams need date palm or the
doom palm
FUN FACTS!!!!!
• King Amenhotep killed 100 lions
• Egypt invented the sand clock
• Egypt was the first to make false teeth
Egyptian Jobs
• Mummifies
– Mummifies Job was to rap a dead body in a
huge towel.
– They did this because they thought when their
body dies there soul moves on.
– To make these Mummies they put salt on
their body's to preserve them.
Egyptian jobs
• Pyramid builders
The pyramids were maid out of stone.
They built them for 2000 years. .
• They started a pyramaid by making ramps
of sand and made the next smaller and tell
they got to the top
Egyptian Government
• The Pharaoh
– Was king of Egypt.
– High priest of all
– Overlord of all citizens
– Thought to be chosen by the gods
– Had four crowns to wear
– Had as much as 900 children
Egyptian Government
• Scribes & writing
– Scribes helped rule Egypt
– Collected taxes
– Wrote laws
– Did no labor, but recorded who did
– Painting scribes painted less important people
small
– Scribe called the viser was second only to the
pharaoh
Egyptian Government
• Armed forces
– All of the pharaoh’s sons were in it
– Soldiers trained as early as age 10!
– Preferred to attack from chariots with bows
and arrows
Egyptian Government
• Transportation
– First rafts made of paper or papyrus reeds,
could be at least 120 feet long
– Used poles to propel rafts through water, and
sails to go against currents
– Boats put in pharaoh’s tomb to help him get to
the afterlife
– Built roads for chariots
Family and Society in Egypt
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Social Classes
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High
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Medium
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Scribes
Artisans
Low
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Government officials
Priests
Peasants
They were born into the social classes
Rarely moved up classes
Family And Society in Egypt
• Population
– Nile
• 1-4 million people
– Others lived in deltas, oases, and deserts
Family and society in Egypt
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Dress
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Cotton
Silk
White, red, blue, and yellow linen
Bare footed or sandals
Men and women wore Makeup in style of winged eye
High class men and women wore jewelry and black wigs for fancy
occasions
– Perfume was very popular
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Men
– Skirts over short under kilt
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Women
– Short or long robes
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Slaves
– Wore little or nothing
Family and Society in Egypt
• Family
– Was cherished
• Men
– Head of the house
• Women
– Managed estates
– Entertained guests
– Took care of children
Family and Society in Egypt
• Women rights
– Fairly free
– As high as there position
– One of the kings wife would be the queen
– Could own property
– Were not controlled by fathers
Family and Society in Egypt
• War and Peace
– Tlatti nation was a big threat
– Tried to defeat Egypt
– King of Syria defeated the Tlattis
Family and Society in Egypt
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Housing
– How to make
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Brick made from mud
Add straw for poor pebbles for rich to make bricks stronger
Pour mud in to wooden frame
Let the mud dry
When the frame is built plaster the inside and out
– Rich houses
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Cool in hot weather
Small windows
Very large
Painted on the inside
Giant parties
– Poor houses
• Simple paintings on inside
• Small
• Cool in hot weather
Family and Society in Egypt
• People
– Peasant
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Mainly farmers
Peasant made luxury items for kings
Lowest on social class
Peasants were beaten if they didn’t produce enough crops
– Servant
• With peasant on the social class
• They did mainly household chores
• Often beaten
– Priest
• Women could be priestesses
• Pharaohs choose priests/priestesses
• Pharaohs were high priests.
Egyptian Culture
• Could own and manage property
• Few were taught to read and write
• Served in temples
– Part time priestesses
Egyptian Culture
• Royal women
– Usually priestesses
– Played roles of goddesses in royal rituals
– Mother of king
• Important person
– Act as regents
– Wife of king
• Could also be in power over land
Egyptian Culture
• Family wives
– Running a household or raising a family
– Men allowed to have more than 1 wife at a
time (very few did)
– Men did not order their wives around
– Many woman died at childbirth
Egyptian Culture
• Signs and symbols
– Writing
• Hieroglyphics
– Inscriptions on monuments
• To celebrate famous people and events
• Monuments on walls
Egyptian Culture
• Pyramids
– Limestone cone
– King chamber
– Has steps
– Small pyramids were for burials
Egyptian Culture
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Architecture
– Furniture
• Only wealthy Egyptians could furnish their houses
• The pharaohs were the only ones who had furniture made out of ebony or
cedar wood
– Carpenters used many tools
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Drill bit and bow to spin
Bradawl (marks and starts)
Chisel
ADZE (planning)
– Buildings
• Egyptians made buildings out of
– Stone
-so It would last
– Mud bricks
-by using grit and straw
-sun would harden it
Egyptian Culture
• Song and dance
– Five stringed harp with head of king in front
Egyptian Culture
• Looking beautiful
– Both men and women wore cosmetics
– Both men and woman wore green eye
shadow made from malachite
– Both men and women wore black eyeliner
made from galena
– Lipstick and made from red ocher
– tattoos