Download 6-2 (Part 1) the Punic Wars screencast sheet

ROME: EXPANSION AND CRISIS – THE PUNIC WARS
EXPANSION OF ROMAN POWER
After establishing itself as a republic, Rome still faced many threats from its neighbors in the Italian Peninsula
But the Romans eventually subjugated the ________________ in the south and even conquered the
____________ to the north.
Having defeated their rivals one after another, by 264 BC Rome was in control of ______________________.
Rome’s success in war was largely due to its _________________________________.
Every male citizen was called to serve in the military when needed.
Early Roman armies utilized the Greek phalanx tactics, but generals soon found them to be too large and slow
To correct this problem, the army was reorganized into _____________ that consisted of 6000 soldiers. Legions
were then divided into small mobile groups of 60 to 120 men called ______________. Each individual soldier
was called a _______________ – they were highly trained and well disciplined
Rome typically treated its conquered territories _______________________
The territories were subject to _______________, but were generally allowed to govern themselves. They were
also given Roman _______________ and were allowed to keep their rights. All they had to do was
____________ to the Roman government and serve in the ______________ when called upon.
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR
The city state of _______________ was Rome’s biggest rival.
Carthage was located in ____________________ and was the wealthiest city in the Mediterranean region.
They were great traders, and had expanded into ____________, wanting to gain control over the Straight of
Messina between Italy and Sicily.
Sicily was important because its central location in the Mediterranean Sea made it ___________________
Furthermore, Rome could not allow its biggest rival to control another island _________________________
Romans became worried about Carthaginian expansion into Sicily, and knew that it had to be stopped.
The result was war. The series of wars fought between Rome and Carthage are called the __________________
The First Punic War (264 -241 BC) was mainly fought in _________.
Rome had the more powerful army, but lacked any significant __________.
Thus, Roman military victories on land were often negated by Carthage’s victories at sea.
This was the case until Romans found a Carthaginian ship that had run aground in Italy.
The Romans used the ship as a model to construct their own fleet, and soon began to rival and defeat Carthage
at sea
_______________________________ in 241 BC led Carthage to surrender, bringing the First Punic War to an end.
For their victory, Rome received ______________, and Carthage was forced to pay huge war reparations.
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR
After Rome won the First Punic War, the Second Punic War began in 218 BC when the Carthaginian general,
________________________, provoked a war with Rome.
Hannibal was the son of the famous Carthaginian politician and general Hamilcar Barca.
Hamilcar had been in command of Carthage’s armies at the end of the First Punic War, and he was none too
pleased with the way it ended.
He raised his son Hannibal to hate Rome, and to one day __________________.
Thus, in 218 BC, he provoked the start of the Second Punic War in order to get that revenge against Rome
Hannibal provoked his war by attacking the Roman-allied city of Saguntum in present-day Spain
Hannibal laid siege to the city and burned it to the ground, leaving Rome no choice but to
_______________________________.
With war declared, Hannibal led his army of 40,000 troops and 40 war elephants across Southern Gaul
(France) and _____________ into Italy.
He was taking the fight directly to the Romans.
Despite being vastly outnumbered by Roman armies fighting on their own home turf, Hannibal used
____________________________to outwit, outmaneuver, and defeat the Roman armies that were sent against him.
In the first three years of the war, Hannibal defeated the Romans on multiple occasions, but his three most
crushing victories were:
____________, 218 BC – 32,000/42,000 Romans killed
________________, 217 BC – 15,000/30,000 Romans killed
____________, 216 BC – 70,000/86,000 Romans killed
Among the dead at Cannae were ___________________________________________
It was a nearly complete destruction of the largest roman army ever assembled to that time
Hannibal was now free to attack Rome itself, and became a specter of terror that struck fear in the hearts of all
Romans
Despite the heavy losses they had taken at the hands of Hannibal, the Romans ______________________________.
They raised even more legions to continue the fight.
However, ______________wanted to step forward to command these legions
At this point, a young man named ________________________ volunteered to take command
Scipio had fought in battle against Hannibal, and by now both his father and uncle had been killed in the
fighting.
Scipio had spent time ________________________________ used in battle, and now planned to use those tactics
against the Carthaginians
Using the tactics he learned from studying Hannibal, Scipio went on the offensive in 210 BC
He attacked the Carthaginian base of operations in ____________, scoring a number of impressive victories.
Meanwhile Hannibal, recognizing that the war was turning in the Romans’ favor, called for reinforcements led by
__________________________________.
But those reinforcements were met and ________________ by the Romans in northern Italy, and Hasdrubal
________________________ in 207 BC
By 206 BC, Scipio had __________________________ in Spain, forcing their retreat to Africa.
With the war now squarely in Rome’s favor, Scipio made plans for an audacious invasion of Africa to
_____________________________________.
In 204 BC, Scipio commenced with his invasion of Africa.
Fearing the prospect of an attack, the government in Carthage _______________________________.
Hannibal was finally forced to leave Italy to return to Carthage
Thus, the final, climactic battle of the Second Punic War would feature a direct faceoff between two of ancient
history’s greatest military commanders
The battle took place on an open plain near _____________, just north of Carthage
Though outnumbered, Scipio’s army _______________________________________, using the exact same
tactic that Hannibal had used on the Romans at Cannae
With their city now open to attack, Carthage quickly _______________ to Scipio.
As part of the surrender terms, Carthage was forced to give up all of their non-African land to Rome, give up
most of their army and navy, and pay a huge indemnity sum to Rome.
Rome was now the _______________________________________________________________________.
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
EXPANSION OF ROMAN POWER:
What factors allowed Rome expand and control the lands of the Italian peninsula?
THE FIRST PUNIC WAR:
Who was Rome’s greatest rival for power in the Mediterranean Sea region?
Why did the First Punic War begin?
What was the outcome of the First Punic War?
THE SECOND PUNIC WAR:
Who was Hannibal Barca, and why is he considered one of the greatest military commanders in ancient history?
Why did the Second Punic War begin?
What were some of the major events of the war, and what was its ultimate outcome?