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New ideas on trade, religion, and power will drive the largest exploration in all of World History and change the ideas of the world going forward, shaping all the rest of history in the process. Beginning in the 1500s, European countries began to expand into the rest of the world. Why? Europeans were motivated by trade and potential wealth that could be gained through trade with Asia and the East The conquests of the Ottoman Turks in the Middle East prevented Europeans from traveling to the East and Asia and cut off all trade routes. Europeans sought oversea routes instead for goods European monarchies were stabilized, so the monarchs could focus on expansion and gaining more power w/o the blessing of the Church! (Thanks Reformation ) New technology had increased the ability to take long sea voyages. Let’s go see the world! After news of Marco Pollo’s expedition to China (remember his visit to see Kubla Khan in China?) became famous (thanks to the printing press, #2 most printed book in Europe) products from Asia become fashionable. Motivation to find ways to get these items drive the innovation of new technology, including better ships called caravels and new navigation instruments like the compass, quadrant and the astrolabe. Each of these instruments made travel on the sea more precise and predictable. Exploration centers on three ideas that will be central in our understanding of what the Europeans do when they come to the New World. These are the main motivations of all explorers seeking the new world. Gold: Motivation to find sources of trade and gold/silver under the idea of Mercantilism. Glory: Power and influence, new trade routes and lands that powerful kingdoms could use to increase wealth and power. God: Looking for converts to Christianity and to spread their ideas of Christian faith. Portugal was the leader of European exploration and expansion. In 1420, under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator, Portuguese fleets moved southward along the western coast of Africa. They discovered new sources for gold; the area was called the Gold Coast! Kept going along the coast to see if there were any ways to get to India and the East. Vasco de Gama went around the Cape of Good Hope and cut across the Indian Ocean to India. Showed there was other ways to get to trade goods in India, sparked the rush to find new routes to China/India. De Gama made a profit of several THOUSAND percent. Hugely profitable! $$$!!! After de Gama reached the Indies, Portuguese fleets returned to the area and attempted to destroy Muslim shipping routes so the Portuguese could control the spice trade. Trying to create a Monopoly, only way to get spices would be to buy from the Portuguese. Smart!!! First concept of invasion for profit, sparking the name profiteers. Lays the ideas of war for trade and land. In 1509, Portuguese warships destroyed a combined fleet of Turkish and Indian ships off the coast of India Indian ports captured for the Portuguese Also led to trade with China and the Spice islands The Portuguese signed a treaty with the Spice Islands allowing them to control the spice trade. As the riches of Asia pour into Portugal, other powers in Europe FREAK OUT! Huge wealth in the world that is not theirs! Need to find new ways to get to this wealth that will not trigger a war with new powerful Portugal, and willing to take chances! Spain decides to back a crazy Italian explorer that wanted to go east to get west. Christopher Columbus was a navigator who believed there was a route to India and Asia across the Atlantic Ocean. This was risky. Many believed that the world had edges guarded by sea monsters and ships that came too close were sunk or sailed off the end of the world! One problem, The Americas are in the way!! Columbus gets off his ship in modern day Cuba and believes he is in India. Returned with little to show for his trip but would return and start a whole new wave of exploration. Age of Exploration Christopher Columbus believed he had reached Asia, but many others soon realizes he has discovered something else… Returns with news of the “New World” to Spain, given ships for three more voyages told to claim any land/resources for Spain. He attempted to find a route through the major islands of the Caribbean to central Asia; he named the islands the East Indies (Caribbean, Honduras, Cuba) No easy route through to India. News gets out that there is more land in this New World and the cramped countries of Europe are interested! Stories of native “heathens”, or godless people, reach the missionaries of Europe. Start planning trips. Other explorers recognized what Columbus did not: he had found an entirely new part of the world (to the Europeans, at least) John Cabot, from Venice, explored the New England coastline. Reports back to Italy, decide it is not worth the trouble. Pedro Cabral landed in South America in 1500, start mapping good places to make settlements along the beach. Amerigo Vespucci, a Florentine, went on several voyages to the Americas and wrote letters describing what he saw; the letters led to the use of the name America for the new land. Although the Europeans called the Americas the “New World” it was already inhabited by flourishing civilizations made up of millions of people. Europeans seemed not too concerned about this , claiming much the land for European countries. Now that Portugal has trade routes to Asia, they expand their power to new areas, exploring more. Once Columbus comes back to Spain, Portugal sends an exploration over the Atlantic to claim part of the new lands. Portugal is interested in trying to find a way around the new lands, thinking it can control the western access to Asia as well. GREEDY, but smart. Soon find it is much harder than it had been with Africa (no where to resupply, stop) Spain and Portugal were both exploring the same new lands and trade routes. Kind of stepping on each other, causing tensions to rise. Both were concerned the other country would attempt to take their resources and land in newly discovered areas. They agreed on a line of demarcation, an imaginary line that divided the earth into two parts. Both sides agreed on the Treaty of Tordesillas, which gave Portugal everything east of the line, and Spain control of everything west of the line. Portugal gained control of everything around Africa while Spain had most of the Americas Keep in mind they were not concerned with native populations, only with their expanding territory and wealth. Spanish Control Portuguese Control The Spanish, under the Treaty of Tordesillas, decide to explore what they could get from the new lands. The Spanish monarchy sends over conquerors of the Americas were known as Conquistadors. (soldier/explorers). NEVER MEANT TO BE FRIENDLY! Conquistadors were all about the 3Gs. Gold over all others. Spanish also brought with them something they didn’t know, disease. Within a generation, whole societies would die of Smallpox, a disease that most Europeans had a immunity against, but that Mesoamerica had never seen. One of the first Conquistadors was explorer Hernán Cortés, who came to the Aztec Capitol of Tenichtitlan with less than 500 men. With their power, guns and horses, the Aztecs thought that the Europeans were GODS. Rallied all the Aztecs enemies and attacked the city.Took charge of the city as Aztec gods. The Emperor of the Aztecs was Montezuma, welcomed Cortes as a god but once it became clear that the Conquistadors were there just for the gold and were not gods, Montezuma tried to kick them out but was held as a prisoner in his own city. Eventually the Aztecs revolted, leading to massive battles. The Spanish send reinforcements and win against the Aztecs. Cortes is made governor of Mexico AKA New Spain. As the Aztec get sick from Smallpox they can not fight off the Spanish who keep arriving! With the help of the disease, Cortés took only three years to overthrow the entire Aztec Empire in Central Mexico! Massive death! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_DGOQ pQVVw&safe=active Age of Discovery Francisco Pizarro, another conquistador, took control of the Incan Empire in the modern Peru in different ways. Pizarro would do ANYTHING for gold, and was convinced, and correctly, that the Inca had lots of it. Pizarro fought many battles against the Inca attempting to find their famed “City of Gold” that did not exist. Pizarro is filled with greed, doesn’t care who he hurts to get rich. He arrived in the middle of a civil war between two brothers. He killed one of the two brothers and aided the Inca’s enemies in destroying the other. Inca are also suffering from Smallpoxs by this point as well as more Spanish keep arriving in the New World. Smallpox is spreading… Pizarro was merciless in the destruction of the Inca. After he ends the civil war, he attacks Cuzco and destroys the Inca way of life. He becomes a governor and founded the city of Lima, capital of Peru near where Cuzco had been. Pizarro was eventually assassinated by another conquistador over greed and power, but the damage is done, the Inca are gone. Within 30 years of the arrival of the Spanish, the western part of Latin America (including Mexico, Central, and South America) and the Inca Empire in Peru are under Spanish control. Conquistadors now take positions of power or stage crazy quests like looking for mythical city of El Dorado or the Fountain of Youth. Kinda Nuts. By 1535, the Spanish had created a system of colonial areas, each divided into regional states. Queen Isabella of Spain declared all Natives in the Americas her subjects, under her rule and under all Spanish Law. She allowed the Spanish settlers and Conquistadors the right to use Native Mesoamericans as slave laborers, but they made REALLY BAD slaves. Would not stop fighting! The Spanish were supposed to protect the Natives (after all, they were the queen’s “subjects”) but rules were ignored The distance to Spain meant any rules were difficult to enforce Natives were used as laborers on sugar plantations and in mines, but this was not as good as other slaves that were now being imported from places like Africa. Remember: the native Mesoamericans are on their home turf, they were invaded! Forced labor, starvation, war, and disease wiped out most of the Native Americans tribes of Mesoamerica. In Mexico, the population dropped from 25 million to only 1 million 24 million in just over 100 yrs! …WOW, that is horrible! Catholic missionaries arrived and started converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of native people. Why the Catholic Church? Remember, Spain was VERY Catholic. (Inquisition much?) The missionaries established schools, hospitals, and churches; all from European society, trying to change the culture. Native American social and political structures were destroyed and replaced with the Spanish equivalent. Colonists established plantations and ranches to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock and other products for export to Europe. Huge profit to be made! $$$$ Conquerors sought gold and silver, and found deposits throughout Latin America, although not as much as they would have liked. They actually found more silver than gold, but still enough to make Spain EXTRMELY rich, now more rich and powerful than Portugal. Lost out on the treaty. New products, like cocoa, potatoes, corn, and tobacco were introduced to the Europeans, and they LOVE THEM. Demand more. Trade with the new world transformed economic activity in both worlds, and created great wealth for the Spanish! You are going to partner up with another student for this activity. One with a chip, one without. The one of you that got the chip will be the Spaniard. You are going to pick four things that you think are going to be important to both sides, natives and Spanish. Write these four points down on one sheet of paper and put both your names on it. Each person is actually 3 people for their side: The Warrior, the Priest, the Helper The Warrior wants to fight, the Priest wants to change the minds of the other side, and the Helper wants peace. You choose which one you use to make your points. You need to role play out how your side would address the four issues you came up with before and mark down on your paper who would win the argument for each of the four and why. Due into me at the end of the hour. Age of Exploration Other nations wanted the economic boon of the Spanish, want the trade goods and $$$ so they began exploring the New World. Start looking at North America. Why North America? Other European countries not bound by the Treaty of Tordesillas so they come over and start setting up colonies, but away from the Spanish, don’t want a war… Spain is still INSAINLY wealthy thanks to the silver mines of the New World. Very Powerful. Portuguese trade empire is broken by more powerful countries like England, who has now they are the main trading power with India and has taken notice of the Americas. Queen Elizabeth of England orders North America explored for English colonies away from the Spanish. The Dutch also begin trading and move into areas left over by the Portuguese in Southeast Asia, India, and some in the New World. Create the Dutch East India Company, a huge trade business. European nations established trading posts and colonies in the Americas and the East A colony is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control. European powers expected colonies to export goods, and in return they would build up the colonies with roads, towns, forts, and ports, to encourage trade. This made all the colonies get stronger and stronger. But Europe also charged a tariff, or a tax, on imports to the colonies. Colonists have to pay taxes on goods they get from Europe. European powers get money from both directions! All colonies HATE this. During the 1600s, the French start colonized parts of Canada and Louisiana. Start trading with native peoples of North America, and get along rather well…mostly. The English founded colonies in Virginia and Massachusetts for tobacco and cotton production By 1700, the English had a colonial empire along the eastern seaboard of North America (13 colonies) The English also established sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean Islands As trade increases, ships now are packed with trade goods or money (if they sold goods) and are traveling all over the Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans. It became dangerous to go back and forth between colonies and Europe due to pirates, groups of armed men who would attack the ships and take what they had. Pirates stalked colonies and didn’t really want the trade goods, looking for the money on the way back to Europe to steal. Pirates sometimes worked for themselves, but also worked for trade groups attacking the ships of the competition. The East India Trade company employed many pirates to smuggle goods and attack ships. Some countries employed privateers (legal pirates) to sail for their countries and attack ships that used their trade routes/ traded illegally with their colonies. Between pirates and privateers, the seas now were MUCH more dangerous for trade then they were before in almost every part of the world!