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Taxonomy
Taxonomy - study of classifying organisms
Taxonomists are scientists who study classifying
Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which
related organisms are placed
Reasons to Classify:
•Shows evolutionary relationships
•Accurately & uniformly names organisms
•Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish
that aren't really fish
•Uses same language (Latin) for all names
•Prevents duplicated names because all names
must be approved by International Naming
Congresses (International Zoological Congress)
•Naming rules are followed called
the International Code for Binomial Nomenclature
Early Taxonomy:
•Aristotle was the first taxonomist
dividing organisms into land, sea, & air
dwellers
•John Ray was the first to use Latin for
naming
•Linnaeus developed the modern system
of naming known as binomial
nomenclature, a two-word name (Genus
& species
•Scientific names should be italicized in
print or underlined when writing
•Always capitalize the genus name, but
write the species in lower case
•The scientific name for man is Homo
sapiens
•The genus name may be abbreviated,
but not the species (H. sapiens)
What does a Puma, Cougar and
Mountain Lion have in common?
They are all the same organisms
just with different common names.
Common names are different
names for the same organism
based on where they live.
Taxonomic categories:
Linnaeus placed organisms into related groups
called taxa (taxon-singular) based on
their morphology (similar structure & function)
The broadest taxon is called the domain (used to
be Kingdom)
Linnaeus put all organisms into one of two
kingdoms --- Plantae or Animalia
8 Division of Classification: (Broadest to most
specific)
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Three Domains:
1. Archaebacteria:
“ Ancient Bacteria” ,
First living cells, live in extreme
conditions
Known as EXTREMOPHILES
-live in swamps, guts of
animals,salty oceans
volcanic vents and hot
springs.
2. Eubacteria:
“True bacteria”
Bacteria which affects your
everyday life some even causing
tooth decay,spoils our food, causes
illness.
Evolved from archaebacteria.
3. Eukarya:
“True Nucleus”, this domain contains all organisms
whose cells contain a nucleus:
Divided into 4 kingdoms
Protista:
Fungi:
Plantae:
Animalia:
Each taxa is a proper noun &should be
capitalized except species
Each level or taxon groups together
organisms that share more characteristics
than the level above
Botanists use the term division instead of
phylum for classifying plants
Plant species are subdivided
into varieties, while bacteria are
subdivided into strains
Unicellular- Made up of only one cell
Multicellular-Made up of many cells
Prokaryotic- Cells without a nucleus
Eukaryotic-Cells with a nucleus
Autotrophic
Makes own food
Photosynthesis
Heterotrophic
Obtains food from other sources
Domain
Kingdom
Unicellular,
Multicellular
or both
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
or both
Prokaryotic
or Eukaryotic
Mobile or
nonmobile
Examples:
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Domain
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Kingdom
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Unicellular,
Multicellular
or both
unicellular
unicellular
Both
Most uni
Both
Most
multi
multi
multi
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
or both
both
both
both
hetero
auto
hetero
Prokaryotic
or Eukaryotic
Pro
Pro
Eu
Eu
Eu
Eu
Mobile or
nonmobile
mobile
mobile
mobile
non
non
mobile
Examples:
Thermoprot
eus
E.Coli
Salmonella
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Mushroom
mold
Fern
Rose
Oak tree
Human
Worm
Sponge
What is a species?
The Biological Species Concept (BSC) explains that organisms
are members of the same species if they can interbreed and
their offspring are not sterile.
Ex: donkeys & horses are different species because t
their offspring (mules) are sterile.
Ex: grey wolves (Canis lupus) and coyotes (Canis
latrans) are the same species,
offspring are red wolves (Canis rufus) which
are able to reproduce
The Phylogenetic Species Concept which explains that a
species is a group of organisms with a distinct evolutionary
past.
Ex: red wolves do not have unique genetic
characteristics
Family: Ursidae
Ursus arctus Ursus americanus
Ursus
maritimus
What about Grolar Bears?
Day 10
Grolar Bear Article Questions:
1. What is a grolar bear?
2. What does a grolar bear look like?
3. Why are biologists excited about this particular
bear?
4. Why do biologists predict grolar bears will
become more common?
5. According to the Biological Species Concept,
should polar and grizzly bears be classified as
separate species? Explain.