Download early modern - Pascack Valley Regional High School District

AP Outline 1450-1750
Global Interactions
I. Background Information
a) Inclusion of Americas in global trade network
b) Beginning of true globalization
c) Columbian Exchange of goods, diseases, and culture occurs
d) Millions of Native Americans die due to exposure of European diseases
e) African people are forcibly transported to be used on plantations
f) New social structures emerge: racial and gender inequality
g) Renaissance and Reformation take place in Europe
h) China is going to hold more traditional beliefs
i) Empires stretch power-dominant land based empires: Ottoman, Mughal, and
Qing
j) Official maritime activity expanded under the Ming Dynasty in China
k) Influenced by mercantilism, joint-stock companies were new methods used
by European merchants and rulers
l) Christianity spread throughout the world
m) Peasant labor intensified in many regions (Russia)
II. Development of a Global Economy
Economic Changes/Institutions
European Exploration
Impact on Global Economy
-Ming Dynasty: explored Indian Ocean
from 1405-1433 (Emperor Yongle &
Zheng He-explorer); encouraged tribute
system; did not try and take over landswanted to explore; suddenly stopped
because govt. thought it was a waste of
resources-**compare Ming & Columbus
-Indian Ocean trade continued under the
Muslims, Indians, and Malays
-As Europe emerged out of isolation they
wanted to explore
-Motivation: get to Asia, get Asian goods,
spread Christianity, and open new trade
routes (pepper, ginger, cloves, and
nutmeg)
-Europe gained technological advances
from China and the Muslim world
-Portugal paved the way by going to
Africa and establishing sugar
plantations; caravels were used- small,
highly maneuverable ships
Trading-Post Empires
-Europeans wanted to forcer merchant
ships to trade in fortified trading sites
and to pay duties for the privilege
-Mid 1500’s-Portugal had 50 trading
posts from West Africa to East Asia-but
their power began to decline
-Small country with small population
couldn’t sustain a large seaborne empire
Columbian Exchange
-English and Dutch took over- they used
joint stock companies-investors would
fund expeditions instead of the govt.
-Reaching the Americas set off global
cultural diffusion
-Massive native mortality occurred
(forced labor and disease)
-Smallpox was spread to the Americasnative population had no immunity
-Aztec Empire list 95% of its population
due to the disease
-Between 1500-1800 100 million people
died from the spread of disease
-Food and animals were also brought
over
-Europe to Americas: wheat, sugar,
cotton, horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats,
and chickens
-Americas to Europe: corn, potatoes,
beans, tomatoes, pepper, peanuts,
avocadoes, pineapple, and tobacco
-Importation of African slaves
Mercantilism
-Migration occurred
Mercantilism (economic nationalism for
Sugar
*Encomienda System
**Major environmental Changes:
the purpose of creating a wealthy state)theory that governments should
encourage exports and accumulate
bullion to serve their countries- goal was
to create a fair balance of trade
-Silver: Mexico & Peru were rich in
silver; forced labor mined for silver;
China wanted silver to use as currency;
Spain used silver from its colonies to
trade with Asia in return for Asian goods
like silk; This financed Spain
-Production of sugar required land,
labor, buildings, animals, and capitals;
disease wiped out native populations in
the Caribbean so Europeans used slave
labor from Africa; horrible conditions,
mistreatment, heat, poor nutrition were
causes of death
-Portuguese in Brazil; sugar was the first
modern industry
-Large mixed-race population created
during the sugar plantation times
Early Spanish settlers in Caribbean
created this; Gave settlers “the right to
demand labor”; natives were forced to
work hard and under difficult conditions
on haciendas
-Cortex & Pizarro brought it to the
Americas; encomienda system was
replaced with the repartimiento system;
native communities had to supply labor
for Spanish mines and farms-limited
work time and some compensation was
given
-Mita System- state project mobilized
thousands of workers to work in silver
mines; natives fled their communities
and drained the area of workers –fewer
workers led to disease and famine
because nobody was working the land;
the end of this system led to the
establishment of the Atlantic slave trade
Soil erosion- (The Americas)- plantations relied on single crops; caused soil to lose
nutrients; cleared land instead of changing crops in soil.
Deforestation (The Americas & Caribbean)- Spanish cut down trees for cattle; more
land was cleared for plantations; The English cut down trees near the coast in North
America; Timber was needed in Europe to build ships and for fire wood
Little Ice Age- spread as far as China; led to major hardship; affected everyone
especially the poor; led to rebellion and discontent; brought down Ming Dynasty
III. Exploration
Explorer
Bartolommeo Dias
(Portugal)
Christopher Columbus
(Spain)
Years
1488
Vasco de da Gama (Spain)
1497
Ferdinand Magellan
(Spain)
1519-1522
1492
IV. State Building (Empires)
Empire
Government
Ottoman
SultanEmpire
centralized
(Early
absolute
1300’smonarchy;
1923)
harem had
*Peak was in some political
the mid
power; vizier1600’s
headed
bureaucracy
and
sometimes
had more
power than
the sultan; had
Economy
Constantinople
had major
trade; wealth
also came
from Black Sea
trade route;
Accomplishment
-Rounded Cape of Good
Hope
-Sailed west to reach Asia,
but ended up reaching the
Bahamas; Sailed around
the Caribbean, but
thought he reached Asia
-3 famous ships
-Reached India by
rounding Africa
Sailed around South
America to the Philippine
Islands (he died here); his
men were the first to
circumnavigate the globe
Society
Influence/Impact
Janissaries
Spread of Islam;
were an elite
architecture
fighting force of
slaves that
helped
Ottoman’s gain
power;
Constantinople;
market place,
rest houses,
religious
schools;
hospitals, and
strong military
and
gunpowder
weapons
Mughal
Empire
(India)
1523-1700’s
Emperor
(Delhi
Sultanate); 2
leaders Akbar
& Aurangzeb
European
traders
wanted India’s
goods-cotton
was the most
important
item; high
taxes; limited
trade (goods)
aqueducts;
-Haremconcubines and
female
relatives lived
together and
were given
special statue
when they gave
the sultan sons
or male heirs;
were often of
slave origin &
were nonMuslim;
trained and
educated in
reading the
Koran, sewing,
and music;
sultan’s mother
was given title
“Queen
Mother”-served
as advisor to
the throne
Akbar: strong
military
commander;
combined
Hinduism &
Islam; wanted
to promote
religious unity;
patronized
arts; abolished
jizya;
Aurangzeb:
corrupt and
neglectful
leader; wanted
to push for
Muslim control
in all of India;
Major oversea
destination for
European
traders;
architecture
under Akbar; Taj
Mahal was
created by
Emperor Shah
Jahan;
-Sikhism
emerged
Songhay
Empire
(West
Africa)
1464- 1591
Emperors
were Muslim;
Sunni Ali
consolidated
power; built a
large army;
created
imperial navy
Kongo
(West
Africa)
(1300’s1600’s)
Centralized
states;
powerful king
ruled; officials
oversaw
military,
judicial, and
financial
affairs;
Qing
Dynasty
1644-1911
Manchus
overthrew the
Qing Dynasty;
emperors
ruled with
mandate of
heaven; used
civil service
exam;
Trade city
controlled salt,
gold and
copper; transSaharan trade
brought salt,
textiles and
metals in
exchange for
gold and
slaves
Portugal had
commercial
relations with
this area;
Portuguese
brought over
textiles,
weapons, and
craftsmanthey wanted
gold, silver,
and ivory and
slaves
X
wanted to get
rid of all Hindu
influence; wars
drained empire
Govt.
supported
Mosques,
schools,
university
(Timbuktu);
traditional
beliefs still
existed in
conjunction
with Islam
King converted
to Christianity
when
Europeans
came over;
slave raids
started at the
hand of the
Portuguese
Wanted to
preserve own
culture;
forbade
intermarriage
between
Manchu and
Han China;
forbade
Chinese from
traveling to
Manchuria and
from learning
their language;
and forced
Chinese men to
wear their hair
X
Christianity in
the region
Created a multiethnic empire
and they
expanded into
different areas
Russian
Empire
(14801917)
Japan:
Tokugawa
Shogunate
(16001867)
in a braid
called a queue
(sign of
submission)
Mongols had
Peter the Great Westernized
Russian
(1682-1725) - under Peter the
princes submit established
Great
to their rule;
industries
-Schools were
Muscovite
Fur trade came established
princes were
about over
-Russian men
able to defeat
time
wore western
their rivals for
clothes and
power; Prince -Expanded to
shave their
Ivan III first
Siberia
beards
czar-St. Petersburg
established
-Rich in
became the
strong central agriculture,
capital city
govt.; made
minerals, and
himself head
furs
of Russian
-Pressure to
Orthodox
-Large scale
convert to
Church and
settlement of
Christianity
state; czar
Russia
received
authority from
G-d; After Ivan
the Terrible
the Romanov
family took
over; Peter the
Great-looked
to the west
and tried to
westernize
Russia
Japan was
Agricultural
Japanese were
divided by
production
forbidden from
feudal lords
helped the
going abroad
(daimyo)
economy grow and from
-The
-Production
creating large
Tokugawa
and population ships
established
increased
-Europeans
the shogunate
were expelled
in 1600;
from Japan
wanted to
-Foreign
Creation of large
empire
Identity crisisbecame an Asian
power as well
and a European
power
-Rule
impoverished
central Asianomadic society
was destroyed
Spain &
Portugal
(1500’s1800’s)
stabilize
region and
prevent civil
war-controlled
daimyos
-Samurai
became govt.
administrators
-Dutch
showed
Japanese
Europe
Spain:
Plantations
viceroys ruled
the colonies
Triangle
Trade-Treaty of
network
Tordesillascarried a
created by
variety of
Pope
traded goods,
Alexander Vioperated to
split the
mostly benefit
Americas in
of European
half- Spain
powers
controlled the
west and
Portugal
controlled the
east
V. Slave Systems
Slave Systems
Russia Serfdom
Locations
merchants
were not
allowed to
trade in
Japanese ports
-Christianity
came to Japan
and won some
converts (Japan
ended
missions)
Slave labor for
natives on the
encomienda
and
repartimiento
system
-Debt servitude
also occurred
-Atlantic slave
Trade-forced
labor to mine
for gold and
silver
-Spain wanted
to win souls for
Christianitybuilt mission
churches,
converted
natives
-Social system:
peninsulares,
creoles,
mestizos,
mulattoes, and
zambos
Forced
Labors
Impact
Russia/Eastern Peasants
Europe
fell into
Slave System
Multi-cultural
empires in
colonies
Treatment of
Slaves
Status of
Slaves
Serfs who
were illiterate
Not literally
slaves
great debt;
forced to
become
serfs on
large
estates;
govt.
encouraged
this process
Atlantic Slave Trade
Caribbean;
north America,
south America
and poor had
to pay high
taxes and
owed
extensive
labor service
to their
landlord in the
forms of
agriculture,
mining, and
manufacturing
Middle
Passagehorrible
conditions,
lack of food,
poor sanitary
conditions,
brutal
treatment
-Serfs could
be sold,
gambled
away, and
punished
by their
masters
X
Military
service
Mobility
available
X
Mostly women Part of
kinship
15-25
million
slaves were
transported
to the
Americas
-Created
cash cropsmillions
died
Janissaries/Mamluks Abbasid
Dynasty &
Ottoman
Empire
Trans-Saharan
East Africa
(East Africa)
-Some
mobility
No rights
-Europeans
tried to
convert
slaves to
Christianity
-Not much
social
mobility
VI. Patters of Social and Gender Changes
a) Major cities of the time were Paris, London, and Amsterdam
b) Middle class emerges
c) Rising gap between rich and poor
d) Marriages take place later in life-more freedom for women
e) More women become educated
f) Reformation & Renaissance bring down status of women, but bring art and
literature to light
VII. Cultural and Intellectual Developments
Event
Renaissance
Famous People
Michelangelo, Da
Ideas & Movements
HUMANISM- focus
Diffusion/Impact
Europe
(1400’s-1600’s)
Vinci, Donatello,
Erasmus, Petrarch,
Gutenberg
Reformation
(1500’s)
Martin Luther,
Charles V (Holy
Roman Emperor),
Pope Leo X,
Enlightenment
(1700’s)
Lock, Hobbes,
Rousseau, Voltaire,
Baccaria
on human
achievements &
potential
-Last Supper &
Mona Lisa
-Statue of David &
Sistine Chapel
-Printing press
-Write about
everyday life
-People are
important not just
religious figures
Luther thought
Europe
Church had
become corrupt
-Priests were
marrying, having
children, and
uneducated
-Luther wanted
everyone to read
the Bible in their
own language
-Did not like
authority of the
church
-He had a major
problem with
indulgences
-Germany became
split over his ideaswar broke out
-Peace of Augsburg
created
-Split in Europe as
well
-Rationalism
Europe and
-Natural RightsAmerican colonies
life, liberty, and
property
-Freedom on
speech and religion
-Right to fair trial
and judicial rights
Scientific
Revolution
(1600’s)
Copernicus,
Galileo, Kepler,
Brahe, Bacon,
Harvey, and
Newton
Neoconfucianism
Zhu Xi
-Govt. rolesdemocracy vs.
absolute monarchy
-People have rights
-Sun was the
center of the
universe
-Used natural laws
instead of religion
and superstition
-Scientific Method
was used
-Math was used in
science
-Laws of gravity,
red blood cells
discovered,
planets, and
motion of planets
Combine elements
of Buddhism &
Daoism
-This made it more
accessible for the
less literate
Chinese
Throughout
Europe & the
American colonies
China, Korea, &
Japan
VIII. Primary & Secondary Sources
a) How were maps revised during this time period?
b) What was the significance of Maize in the Americas in terms of trade and
impact on society?
c) Choose 1 cash crop (tobacco or sugar) and explain why it was considered an
important good.
d) What
e) Describe Sikhism.
f) How did the painting, “The Last Supper” show humanist qualities?
g) How was the play “Romeo & Juliet” an example of a Renaissance piece?
h) Describe how the silk textile industry in China intensified peasant labor.
i) What was the difference between chattel slavery and the encomienda
system?
j) What roles did creoles have in society in the Americas?
k) Choose one peasant uprising from this unit and explain its impact.
l) Explain the 30 years war in 1 paragraph.
m) Why was the Chinese civil service exam important to society?
n) Describe the Manchu policies toward the Chinese.
o) What is divine right? Give an example of a ruler that used it.
p) How did family restructuring during this time effect family size in Europe?
IX. Artwork & Maps
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)