Download Abu Bakr

Spread of Islam
Mrs. Kirkpatrick
Soc. Studies 8
“This day I have
perfected your
religion for you
and completed
My favor to you.
I have chosen
Islam to be your
faith.”
The Faith
•One true God – Allah
•Idols must be rejected
•Many opposed
Muhammad; he Fled mecca
for safety
•Hijrah: journey to
medina
•Friend Abu Bakr saved
him
•Converted people from
Medina
•United Muslims
• Unity
• Ummah (religious community)
– Single source of authority (Allah)
• Military unity
• Strong moral and ethical code
• Equality
How does Islam the Religion
become Islam the Empire?
Are You Ready?
• According to Phase 1, how did
Islam spread?
• What are the 2 best pieces of
evidence to support that Islam
spread through conquest?
•Islamic
community
established in
Medina
•Muhammad
settled quarrels
between Bedouin
clans
-Attracted many
Bedouin followers
•Meccan caravans
raided
•Battles between
Muslims & Umayyad
Clan followed
- Muhammad was
courageous soldier
•Treaty (628)
allowed visitation
to Ka’ba
Early Growth
Momentum
•Muhammad returned to
Mecca
• 10,000 accompanied him
•destroyed idols in Ka’ba
•Treated others mercifully
•Mecca secured
•eventually most of Umayyad
Clan converted
•Muhammed proclaimed
as Prophet
•controlled most of Arabian
Peninsula
Crisis
632:
Muhammad dies
•No successor
•Opinion divided
•Caliph =
successor of
Muhammad –
not prophet, but
leader of Muslim
community
Rightly Guided
Who should lead after Muhammed?
•Abu Bakr?
- close friend, early follower
- knew Bedouin tribes, tribal
histories
•Ali ?
- cousin, son-in-law
- too young to hold position
of such responsibility
Abu Bakr: 632-634
Abu Bakr
elected
Problem:
1. Arabic tribes strayed from
ummah; some renounced faith
• Resistence to paying zakat
2. False prophets appeared
Solution:
1. military troops put down
revolts; collected taxes
2. Abu Bakr said secession
from Ummah was = to not
believing in Allah
Reasons for
Expansion
•Droughts, poor land
•To spread Islam
• Duty to extend Islamic
rule
•Those who didn’t convert
or agree to treaty terms =
threat
Arab “buffer” states saw Islam as liberating
First Expansion
634: Umar
named by Abu
Bakr as
successor
Expanded
ummah
Overthrew
Persian Empire
 took parts of
Byzantine
Empire
 Expanded to
parts of
North
African coast
Umar
Jihad
Umar added strength to belief in
(lesser) jihad
Took city of Jerusalem
Umar named 2 types of territory:
- Dar al-Islam = land where
Islam is practiced
- Dar al-Harb = land from which
attacks are launched against
Islamic rule
Battle of Qadisiya
636
Muslims vs. Sassanids
•Muslims outnumbered
but prevail
•Lead to defeat of
Persian Empire
Government under Umar
•Non-Muslims could practice own
beliefs
•Non-Muslims protected; called
“dhimmi”
•Both Muslims & non-Muslims taxed
for police, education, army, etc.
•Non-Muslim tax = jizya
•Jerusalem shared by Muslims &
non-Muslims
•Garrison posts established
Uthman
• Umar assassinated by
Persian rebels
• Uthman appointed by
council
- was Muhammad’s
son-in-law
- was powerful member
of Umayyad Clan
• Uthman completed
compiling the Qu’ran
Muhammad
Married to Khadijah
Married to Aisha
Zaynab
Ruqayah
Om Kolthoom
Fatimah
Married to cousin
Al’Ass
Married to Uthman
Married to Uthman
Married to Ali
•Quraysh = tribe: Powerful in Mecca
•Hashim = Clan of the Quraysh tribe
•
Muhammad = member of Quraysh tribe, Hashim clan
•Umayyad = Clan of the Quraysh tribe
•Powerful in Mecca after hijrah; managed Ka’ba trade
Towards Crisis
•Financial problems slowed
pace of conquest
•Some Muslims rich from
spoils; others claimed
wealth was against religion
- led to loyalties split
between clans and ummah
•Uthman accused of
nepotism
Open Conflict
• Uthman replaced some
governors of provinces with
relatives
– ensured loyalty
• Rebels from Egypt went to
Medina to protest
• Rebels murdered Uthman
• Civil war broke out after
Uthman’s murder
ALI
• Ali named caliph
= Muhammad’s
cousin and son-inlaw
• Umayyad clan
(Uthman) clashed
with Hashim clan
(Ali) despite
common faith
– Some of Ali’s
supporters were
rebels against
Uthman
– Ali replaced
governors appointed
by Uthman with his
own people
Mu’awiya
• Mu’awiya = governor of Syria
- stirred up bad feelings
- wanted revenge for Uthman
- challenged Ali’s authority
to rule
- called himself caliph
Battle of Siffin
•Ali to move capital to Kufa
(Iraq)
•Ali’s armies fought Mu’awiya’s
•Ummah intermediaries called
on both to resign
•Ali refused to follow decision
Result?
•Ali ruled as caliph in Persia &
Iraq
•Mu’awiya ruled as caliph in
Syria & Egypt
Civil War
• Assassination attempts on both caliphs
• Only Ali was killed
• Led to more fighting about who succeeds as
caliph
Ali
Mu’awiya
Husan
Yezid
Gave up right to rule
Hussein
Killed at Karbala
by Yezid’s troops
Sunni/Shi’a Split
Shi’as
 Believe leaders must be
part of Muhammad’s
bloodline
 Believe Muhammad chose
Ali as his successor
 Do not recognize 1st caliphs
(Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman)
 12 Imams (starting with Ali) =
rightful leaders of Islam
 Awaiting return of 12th Imam
(al Mahdi)
 Hussein = martyr
Sunni’s
 Believe any devout Muslim
can become caliph
 Each Muslim has a direct
relationship with Allah
 Believe Muhammed did not
specify successor
 Recognize 1st caliphs as
“rightly guided”
 Al-jama’ah = differences of
opinion should be tolerated
Sunni & Shi’a Modern
Population
A Closer Look
http://www.cfr.org/peace-conflict-and-human-rights/sunni-shia-divide/p33176#!/?cid=otr-marketing_url-sunni_shia_infoguide
Umayyad Dynasty
661-750
•Muwawiya begins
dynasty after civil war
•Spain conquered 711
•Central Asian
strongholds – Samarkand
•Capital moved to
Damascus, Syria
•Governors ruled provinces, though central control from
Damascus
•Attracted indigenous people who adapted Arab culture,
converted to Islam
Finances
• 1/5th of all spoils collected by
Muslims
• Non-Muslims = dhimmis
• Dhimmis paid security tax
called jizya; other taxes
- taxed at higher rate
• Muslims paid zakat; other
taxes at lower rate
• Eventually only paid zakat!
• $ went to canals, mosques
construction, public projects
-zakat went to supporting the
poor
Umayyad Decline
• Umayyad rulers lived
luxurious lifestyle
• Policy of Arab
superiority upset many
• Taxed recent converts
- violated laws of Qu’ran
- most non-Arabs
• Disgruntled groups
united (Persians,
Shi’as) through Abbasid
family
Abbasid Revolution
•Those dissatisfied with Umayyad rule united
over years of planning
•Built army; lead revolt
•Merv secured, then army pushed west
•Kufa secured
•Abul Abbas = 1st Abbasid caliph (749)
The Abbasids
750-1206
•All Umayyad
family executed
after 750
•Only Abd al
Rahman escaped to
Spain; established
Umayyad rule
•Abbasids moved
capital to Baghdad,
Iraq
Are You Ready?
What made Muslims such
superior traders?
Golden Age
9th – 13 Centuries
•Major contributions in
sciences, law, industry, arts,
agriculture, technology
•House of Wisdom: Baghdad
•Scholars came from all
over to study
•Classics preserved
•New innovations
Innovations
Mathematics:
Arabic Numerals
Algebra
Graph Paper
Trade:
Paper
Checks
Sufi’s
Sufi’s = mystics
• Followed life of poverty
• Kept Muslims focused on Qu’ran
• Active missionaries – Brought Islam to remote areas
• Some felt Sufi rituals went against Qur’an
Abbasid Decline
•Leaders separated themselves from general population
•Chose foreigners as advisors, officials
•Turned away from Shi’a
•Mamluk army replaced Persian and Arab army;
caused resentment
•Political, religious and cultural unity disintegrated