Download Digestive System PP

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
ALSO KNOWN AS GI SYSTEM:
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

AGE RELATED CHANGES
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1. FLOW OF SALIVA DECREASES
• Difficulty chewing/swallowing (dysphagia)
AGE RELATED CHANGES
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2. TASTE BUDS DECREASE
-Appetite decreases
AGE RELATED CHANGES
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3. WEAKENED GAG REFLEX
• Risk of Choking
AGE RELATED CHANGES
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4. REDUCED DIGESTIVE JUICES
• Food more difficult to digest affecting
absorption
INTRODUCTION
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
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IS
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF
FOOD SO IT CAN BE TAKEN INTO
THE BLOOD STREAM AND USED BY
BODY CELLS AND TISSUES.
SYSTEM INCLUDES THE
ALIMENTARY CANAL AND
ACCESSORY ORGANS
ALIMENTARY CANAL
LONG MUSCULAR TUBE
BEGINS AT THE MOUTH AND
INCLUDES THE PHARYNX,
ESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, SMALL
INTESTINES, LARGE INTESTINES,
RECTUM AND ANUS

Alimentary Canal Structures of
the GI System
Mouth/Oral Cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum Anus
•MOUTH OR ORAL CAVITY
PHARYNX OR THROAT
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TUBE THAT CARRIES BOTH AIR AND
FOOD
CARRIES THE AIR TO THE TRACHEA
OR WINDPIPE AND FOOD TO THE
ESOPHAGUS
ESOPHAGUS
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MUSCULAR TUBE BEHIND THE
TRACHEA
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RELIES ON A RHYTHMIC, WAVELIKE
INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF ITS
MUSCLES, CALLED PERISTALSIS,
TO MOVE THE FOOD IN A FORWARD
DIRECTION
STOMACH
RECEIVES THE FOOD FROM THE
ESOPHAGUS
 HOLDS FOOD APPROXIMATELY 3-4
HOURS. FOOD TURNS NTO SEMI
LIQUID CALLED CHYME
SMALL INTESTINE
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COILED SECTION OF THE
ALIMENTARY CANAL ABOUT
TWENTY FEET LONG AND ONE INCH
IN DIAMETER. ABSORPTION DONE
BY VILLI
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THREE SECTIONS
– DUODENUM
– JEJUNUM
– ILEUM
VILLI
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FINGERLIKE PROJECTONS THAT
LINE WALL OF SMALL INTESTINE
ALLOW FOOD TO BE ABSORBED OR
TAKEN INTO BLOOD
DUODENUM
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FIRST NINE TO TEN INCHES
JEJUNUM
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ABOUT EIGHT FEET LONG
FORMS THE MIDDLE SECTION OF
THE SMALL INTESTINE
ILEUM
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FINAL TWELVE FEET
CONNECTS WITH THE LARGE
INTESTINE
SMALL INTESTINE
OVERVIEW
Nutrients are ABSORBED from the small
intestine into the blood stream by the
VILLI
LARGE INTESTINE
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ABOUT FIVE FEET LONG AND
ABOUT TWO INCHES IN DIAMETER
FUNCTIONS
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REABSORPTION OF WATER
TRANSPORTATION OF THE WASTE
PRODUCTS OUT OF THE
ALIMENTARY CANAL
SECTIONS OF LARGE
INTESTINE (COLON)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
ASCENDING COLON
TRANSVERSE COLON
DECENDING COLON
SIGMOID COLON
RECTUM
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FINAL SIX TO EIGHT INCHES of
alimentary canal
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STORAGE AREA FOR WASTES
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ANUS: Evacuation of waste
ACCESSORY ORGANS
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INCLUDE THE LIVER,
GALLBLADDER, PANCREAS AND
APPENDIX
LIVER
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LARGEST GLAND IN THE BODY
LOCATED UNDER THE DIAPHRAGM
IN THE UPPER RIGHT QUADRANT
OF THE ABDOMEN
FUNCTIONS OF LIVER
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SECRETES BILE
REMOVES TOXINS FROM BODY
PRODUCES CHOLESTEROL
GALLBLADDER
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SMALL MUSCULAR SAC
LOCATED UNDER THE LIVER
STORES BILE
PANCREAS
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FISH-SHAPED ORGAN LOCATED
BEHIND THE STOMACH
PRODUCES PANCREATIC JUICES
AND INSULIN
DISEASES OF THE
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
APPENDICITIS

ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE
APPENDIX USUALLY DUE TO AN
OBSTRUCTION AND INFECTION
GALLBLADDER
CONDITIONS
CHOLECYSTITIS-INFLAMMATION OF
THE GALLBLADDER
CHOLELITHIASIS: GALLSTONES
SYMPTOMS
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FREQUENTLY OCCUR AFTER
EATING FATTY FOODS
– INDIGESTION, N&V
– PAIN UNDER RIB…WHAT SIDE?
– JAUNDICE
TREATMENT
LOW FAT DIET
SURGERY
LASER TO BREAK UP GALLSTONES
CIRRHOSIS
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CHRONIC DESTRUCTION OF LIVER
CELLS ACCOMPANIED BY THE
FORMATION Of SCAR TISSUE
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CAUSES: ALCOHOLISM
MALIGNANCY: CANCERS
SYMPTOMS DEPEND ON LOCATION:
obstruction
Indigestion
Vomiting
Change in stools
Blood in stools (old/new)
TREATMENT FOR CANCERS
SURGERY:
COLOSTOMY- CREATION OF ARTIFICAL
OPENING IN ABDOMINAL WALL AND
BRINGING SECTION OF COLON TO IT
FOR ELIMINATION OF STOOL
ILEOSTOMY- CREATION OFARTIFICIAL
OPENING AND BRINGING SECTION OF
ILEUM THROUGH IT
HEPATITIS
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VIRAL INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER
TYPE A OR INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
– HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS
– TRANSMITTED IN FOOD OR WATER
THAT HAS BEEN CONTAMINATED BY
THE FECES OF AN INFECTED PERSON

TYPE B/TYPE C
– TRANSMITTED BY BLOOD AND SERUM
– MORE SERIOUS THAN TYPE A AND
CAN LEAD TO CHRONIC HEPATITIS OR
CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
SYMPTOMS
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FEVER, LOSS OF APPETITE
N&V
FATIGUE
ENLARGED LIVER
JAUNDICE
ULCER
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OPEN SORE ON THE LINING OF THE
DIGESTIVE TRACT
SYMPTOMS
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BURNING PAIN
INDIGESTION
HEMATEMESIS (BLOODY VOMITUS)
DARK,TARRY STOOL
TREATMENT
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MEDICATION
DIET MODIFICATION
ANTIBIOTICS
NPO
POSSIBLY NG TUBE
ULCERATIVE COLITIS
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SEVERE INFLAMMATION OF THE
COLON WITH THE FORMATION OF
ULCERS AND ABSCESSES
THOUGHT TO BE CAUSED BY
STRESS, ALLERGIC REACTIONS TO
FOOD, OR AN AUTOIMMUNE
REACTION
SYMPTOMS
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WATERY, FREQUENT STOOLS WITH
BLOOD, PUS, AND MUCUS
WEIGHT LOSS
DEHYDRATION
FLARE-UPS ARE COMMON
TREATMENT
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DIRECTED TOWARD CONTROLLING
INFLAMMATION
REDUCE STRESS
MAY NEED SURGERY
GI BLEED
INTERNAL BLEEDING IN DIGESTIVE TRACT:
OCCULT BLOOD- HIDDEN BLOOD/NOT
SEEN WITH NAKED EYE
UPPER GI BLEED- COMING FROM
STOMACH AND STRUCTURES ABOVE
LOWER GI BLEED-COMING FROM
INTESTINES AND STRUCTURES BELOW
BLOOD IN GI SYSTEM
NEW: BRB
OLD: BLACK, TAR LIKE
“COFFEE GRINDS”
GI BLEED: SYMPTOMS
LOWER GI BLEED: (Intestine to
rectum)
RECTAL BLEEDING (BRB/BLACK
TARRY STOOLS)
HYPOTENSION
DIAPHORETIC
GI BLEED: SYMPTOMS
UPPER GI BLEED: (Stomach to mouth)
VOMITING BLOOD (BRB/COFFEE
GRINDS)
HYPOTENSION
DIAPHORETIC
DIAGNOSTIC TEST for
OCCULT BLOOD
HEMACULT BLOOD TEST: USED TO
DETECT BLOOD IN STOOL AND
EMESIS
LOWER BOWEL
CONDITIONS
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CONSTIPATION- fecal material is
hard, dry or sticky
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DIARRHEA- 3 or more loose stools
w/in a certain amount of time
Factors that Affect Bowel
Function
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Bed rest
Immobility
Inadequate exercise
Decreased fluid intake
Change in environment
Abdominal Distention
As food moves through tract, gas is
formed and is normally expelled from
body. If not passed, it accumulates in
intestines, enlarging the abdomen
C. difficile

Bacteria transmitted on HCW hands
after they touch feces or contaminated
surfaces (faucets, side rails) and can be
transmitted to other patients.
Feeding Tubes
1.
2.
Nasogastric Tube (NG) –goes from
nose to stomach
Gastrostomy Tube (GT)- goes directly
into stomach
Nasogastric Tube (NG)
Always NPO for tube feedings because of
the reasons they are on tube feedings!
HOB at least 30 degrees or higher
RN inserts NG tube and checks for
placement
Nasogastric Tube
Can be used for:
Tube feedings called GAVAGE
(mostly short term feedings)
Or
Suctioning out contents of stomach called
LAVAGE
GastrostomyTube (GT)
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Tube for feedings that goes directly into
abdomen through a surgical incision.
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More for long-term feedings
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HOB at least semi-fowlers