Download Bacteria Pa Bien o Mal

THE FIVE
KINGDOMS
1
BACTERIA
Bacteria - small one celled monerans
Bacteria like a warm, dark, and moist
environment
They are found almost everywhere:
-water
-air
-soil
-food
-skin
-inside the body
-on most objects
2
3 Shapes of Bacteria
Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups:
Spiral:
spirilla
rod-shaped:
bacilli,
bacillus
Round:
cocci
3
3 Shapes of Bacteria
Bacillus anthracis –
(bacillus)
Neisseria meningitidis
(coccus)
Leptospira interrogans –
(spirilla)
4
7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell
•Capsule
•Cell wall
•Ribosomes
•Nucleoid
•Flagella
•Pilli
•Cytoplasm
5
Reproduction of Bacteria
•Binary Fission- the process of one organism
dividing into two organisms
•Fission is a type of asexual reproduction
•Asexual reproduction- reproduction of a
living thing from only one parent
How?...
The one main (circular)
chromosome makes a
copy of itself
Then it divides into two
6
Reproduction of Bacteria
BINARY FISSION
Bacteria dividing
Completed
7
Reproduction of Bacteria
•The time of reproduction depends on how
desirable the conditions are
•Bacteria can rapidly reproduce themselves in
warm, dark, and moist conditions
•Some can reproduce every 20 minutes
(one bacteria could be an ancestor to
one million bacteria in six hours)
8
Bacterial Cell &
Nucleiod DNA Ring
DNA replication
Cell wall synthesis
Cell separation
9
Bacteria Survival
Endospore•a thick celled structure that forms inside
the cell
•they are the major cause of food poisoning
•allows the bacteria to survive for many years
•they can withstand
boiling, freezing, and
extremely dry conditions
•it encloses all the
nuclear materials
and some cytoplasm
10
Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases
•Animals can pass diseases to humans
Communicable Diseases –
Disease passed from one organism to another
This can happen in several ways:
•Air
•Touching clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush
•Drinking water that contains bacteria
11
Harmful Bacteria
Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial
plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
12
(rough areas)
Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow
•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to
break down grass and hay
•Most are used to make antibiotics
•Some bacteria help make insulin
•Used to make industrial chemicals
13
Helpful Bacteria
E.coli on small intestines
14
Helpful Bacteria
•Used to treat sewage
Organic waste is consumed by the bacteria,
used as nutrients by the bacteria, and is no
longer present to produce odors, sludge,
pollution, or unsightly mess.
•foods like yogurt, cottage & Swiss cheese,
sour cream, buttermilk are made from bacteria
that grows in milk
15
Controlling Bacteria
5 ways to control bacteria:
1) Canning- the process of sealing food in
airtight cans or jars after killing bacteria
•endospores are killed during this process
2) Pasteurization- process of heating milk
to kill harmful bacteria
3) Dehydration- removing water from food
•Bacteria can’t grow when H2O is removed
•example: uncooked noodles & cold cereal
16
Controlling Bacteria
Antiseptic vs. Disinfectants
Antiseptic- chemicals that kill
bacteria on living things
•means – “against infection”
Examples: iodine, hydrogen peroxide,
alcohol, soap, mouthwash
Disinfectants- stronger chemicals that
destroy bacteria on objects or nonliving
things
17
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Autotrophs – make their own food
through photosynthesis
larger than most bacterial cells
commonly grow on water and surfaces that
stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and dams
Some live in salt water, snow, and acid
water of hot springs
food source for animals that live in the
18
water
Harmful Bacteria
• some bacteria cause diseases
•Animals can pass diseases to humans
Communicable Disease –
Disease passed from one organism to another
This can happen in several ways:
•Air
•Touch - clothing, food, silverware, or toothbrush
•Drinking water that contains bacteria
19
Harmful Bacteria
Human tooth with accumulation of bacterial
plaque (smooth areas) and calcified tartar
20
(rough areas)
Helpful Bacteria
•Decomposers help recycle nutrients into the
soil for other organisms to grow
•Bacteria grow in the stomach of a cow to
break down grass and hay
•Most are sued to make antibiotics
•Some bacteria help make insulin
•Used to make industrial chemicals
21
Helpful Bacteria
E.coli on small intestines
22
Controlling Bacteria
23
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
Make their own food through
photosynthesis
Bigger than most bacterial cells
Commonly grow on water and surfaces
that stay wet…such as rivers, creeks and
dams
24
BLUE-GREEN BACTERIA
It can be toxic to humans and animals
 Blooms-
occur when the bacteria
multiplies in great numbers and
form scum on the top of the
water
25
Lake Champlain
26
27
28
Bacillus anthracis rod, vegetative stage
prokaryote
(bacterium)
Image Number:
21185A
29
Neisseria meningitidis
- coccus prokaryote
(bacterium)
Image Number:
97214E
30
Leptospira
interrogans
- spiral
shaped
prokaryote
(spirochete)
31
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
• Bacteria are of immense
importance because of
their rapid growth,
reproduction, and
mutation rates, as well
as, their ability to exist
under adverse
conditions.
• The oldest fossils
known, nearly 3.5
billion years old, are
fossils of bacteria-like
organisms.
• Bacteria can be autotrophs or hetertrophs.
• Those that are classified as autotrophs are
either photosynthetic, obtaining energy from
sunlight or chemosynthetic, breaking down
inorganic substances for energy .
• Bacteria classified as
heterotrophs derive
energy from breaking
down complex organic
compounds in the
environment. This
includes saprobes =
bacteria that feed on
decaying material and
organic wastes, as well
as those that live as
parasites, absorbing
nutrients from living
organisms.
• Depending on the
species, bacteria can be
aerobic which means
they require oxygen to
live
or
• anaerobic which means
oxygen is deadly to
them.
Green patches are green sulfur
bacteria. The rust patches are
colonies of purple non sulfur
bacteria. The red patches are purple
sulfur bacteria.
Archaebacteria
Methanogens
These Archebacteria are
anaerobes. They make
methane (natural gas) as
a waste product. They
are found in swamp
sediments, sewage, and
in buried landfills. In
the future, they could be
used to produce
methane as a byproduct
of sewage treatment or
landfill operation.
Halophiles
These are salt-loving Archaebacteria that grow in
places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds
on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Large numbers of
certain halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink.
Pink halophiles contain a pigment very similar to the
rhodopsin in the human retina. They use this visual
pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not
produce oxygen. Halophiles are aerobes, however,
and perform aerobic respiration.
Extreme halophiles can live in extremely salty environments.
Most are photosynthetic autotrophs. The photosynthesizers in
this category are purple because instead of using chlorophyll
to photosynthesize, they use a similar pigment called
bacteriorhodopsin that uses all light except for purple light,
making the cells appear purple.
Thermophiles
These are Archaebacteria from hot springs and other
high temperature environments. Some can grow
above the boiling temperature of water. They are
anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration.
Thermophiles are interesting because they contain genes
for heat-stable enzymes that may be of great value in
industry and medicine. An example is taq
polymerase, the gene for which was isolated from a
collection of Thermus aquaticus in a Yellowstone
Park hot spring. Taq polymerase is used to make
large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA
sample. It is invaluable to medicine, biotechnology,
and biological research. Annual sales of taq
polymerase are roughly half a billion dollars.
Eubacteria
Cyanobacteria
This is a group of bacteria that
includes some that are single
cells and some that are chains of
cells. You may have seen them
as "green slime" in your
aquarium or in a pond.
Cyanobacteria can do "modern
photosynthesis", which is the
kind that makes oxygen from
water. All plants do this kind of
photosynthesis and inherited the
ability from the cyanobacteria.
Cyanobacteria were the first organisms on Earth to do
modern photosynthesis and they made the first oxygen in
the Earth's atmosphere.
• Bacteria are often
maligned as the causes
of human and animal
disease. However,
certain bacteria, the
actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as
streptomycin and
nocardicin.
• Other Bacteria live symbiotically in the guts
of animals or elsewhere in their bodies.
• For example, bacteria in your gut produce
vitamin K which is essential to blood clot
formation.
• Still other Bacteria live
on the roots of certain
plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable
form.
• Bacteria put the tang in
yogurt and the sour in
sourdough bread.
• Saprobes help to break
down dead organic
matter.
• Bacteria make up the
base of the food web in
many environments.
Streptococcus thermophilus in yogur
• Bacteria are prokaryotic and unicellular.
• Bacteria have cell walls.
• Bacteria have circular DNA called plasmids
• Bacteria can be anaerobes or aerobes.
• Bacteria are heterotrophs or autotrophs.
• Bacteria are awesome!
• Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation or
asexually by binary fission.
Endospore
• Bacteria can survive
unfavorable conditions
by producing an
endospore.
Shapes of Bacteria
Penicillin, an antibiotic, comes from molds of
the genus Penicillium Notice the area of
inhibition around the Penicillium.
• Penicillin kills bacteria by making holes in their cell
walls. Unfortunately, many bacteria have developed
resistance to this antibiotic.
The
Nitrogen Cycle
By:
Rachel Brewer
Kaci Kelley-Brown
Jennifer Moats
Dolleen Wiltgen
What is nitrogen?
Periodic Table
•
Nitrogen is in the
Nonmetals/BCNO
Group
Where is nitrogen found in
the environment?
The largest single source of nitrogen is in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen makes up 78% of our
air!
What happens to
atmospheric nitrogen
(N2) in the nitrogen
cycle? N
N
N
N
N
N
Atmospheric nitrogen is converted
to ammonia or nitrates.
N
N
Atmospheric
Nitrogen (N2)
N N
Ammonia
(NH3)
Nitrogen
combines
Nitrates
(NO3)
Nitrogen
combines
N
N
N
Why does
atmospheric nitrogen
need to be
converted?
N
N
N
It is one of nature’s
great ironies…
Nitrogen is an essential
component of DNA, RNA,
and proteins—the building
blocks of life.
Although the majority of
the air we breathe is
nitrogen, most living
organisms are unable to
use nitrogen as it exists
in the atmosphere!
How does
atmospheric
nitrogen get
changed into a
form that can be
used by most
living organisms?
N
N
By traveling through one of the four
processes in the Nitrogen Cycle!
(1) Nitrogen
Fixation
(4)
Denitrification
Nitroge
n Cycle
(3)
Nitrification
(2)
Ammonification
The first process in the
nitrogen cycle is…
Nitrogen Fixation!
(1) Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen
Cycle
What is
“nitrogen fixation”
and
what does it mean
to say
nitrogen gets
“fixed”?
N
N
“Nitrogen Fixation” is the process that causes the strong
two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmosphere to
break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
Oxygen
Hydrogen
N
N
Hydrogen
N
N
N
Oxygen
N
Nitrogen gets “fixed” when it is combined with oxygen or
hydrogen.
There are three ways that
nitrogen gets “fixed”!
(a) Atmospheric
Fixation
(b) Industrial Fixation
(c) Biological Fixation
Lightning “fixes” Nitrogen!
Atmospheric Fixation
(Only 5 to 8% of the Fixation
Process)
The enormous energy of
NN O
lightning breaks nitrogen
Nitrogen
combines
molecules apart and enables
with Oxygen
the nitrogen atoms to combine
with oxygen forming nitrogen
Nitrogen oxides
oxides (N2O). Nitrogen oxides (N O)
Nitrogen
2
dissolve in rain, forming
(NO
oxides
nitrates. Nitrates (NO3) are
3)
dissolve
carried to the ground with the
in rain
rain.
Plants
and use
nitrates
Industrial Fixation
Under great pressure, at
a temperature of 600
degrees Celcius, and
with the use of a
catalyst, atmospheric
nitrogen (N2) and
hydrogen are combined
to form ammonia (NH3).
Ammonia can be used as
a fertilizer.
NN
H
NH
3
Industrial Plant
combines
and is
Ammonia
(NHnitrogen
hydrogen
formed
)
3
Ammonia is used a
Biological Fixation
(where MOST nitrogen fixing is completed)
There are two types of “Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria”
Free Living Bacteria
(“fixes” 30% of N2)
Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria
(“fixes” 70% of N2)
Free Living Bacteria
Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the
ability to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen
to make ammonia (NH3).
NN H
NH3
Free-living
bacteria live in
soil and
combine (NH
atmospheric
Nitrogen 3)
nitrogen
changes with
into
hydrogen
ammonia
Bacte
Symbiotic Relationship
Bacteria
Bacteria live in the roots
of legume family plants
and provide the plants
with ammonia (NH3) in
exchange for the plant’s
carbon and a protected
home.
Legume
plants
N
NH3
N
Roots with
nodules
Nitrogen
where