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SBI3U Evolution Biological Changes Over Times Evolution Lesson #1 All species exhibit genetic variation Mutations create mutations (______ in genetic info) . 3 Types of Mutations Type Description - mut reproductive success - mut is selected against; accumulate over time -mut selective advantage or disadvantage - in DNA that may not have immediate effect mut reproductive success - mut is favoured overtime; accumulates over time Examples Question: Bacteria has developed resistance to antibiotics, this is an example of which type of mutation? Why? Selective Breeding Domestication ( of members of a species to suit human needs through controlled captive breeding) of animals and plants Artificial Selection: Directed breeding in which individuals that exhibit a particular trait are chosen as parents of the next generation. It's used to produce new breeds or varieties of plants/animals. Artificial: Selection: Artificial selection is limited by genetic variability within the breeding population. Artificial selection can reduce genetic diversity of population loss of biodiversity Evidence For Evolution Biogeography: The observed geographic patterns of distribution of organisms (living/fossils) Provides compelling evidence that remote islands are populated by species that evolved from species that had travelled from the closest major land mass Examples: Darwin's Hypotheses Patterns of distribution of species (living/extinct) may be evidence of evolution Animals brought to island by water/air became established and evolved This could explain why isolated islands had many species found nowhere else and resemble species from nearest continental land mass Observation from Galapagos Island Many species of plants, birds, insects, some reptiles No native amphibians, few land mammals Many unique species found nowhere else Unique species most closely resemble species on the nearest continental land mass Darwin’s Hypothesis regarding remote islands These organisms are only able to reach remote islands by crossing large expanses of open ocean Amphibians and most mammals are unable to cross open ocean so not found on remote island Overtime, ancestral species have evolve to new geographically isolated species Unique species are descendants of ancestral species from the nearest continental land masses and will exhibit some similarities. Testing Darwin's Hypothesis - Hawaiian islands which were formed that rose from the ocean floor - Examination of species of the Hawaiian island support the hypothesis: - Introducing native species may have devastating impact on many native species. Ex: arrival of Europeans 1778 lead to the extinction of the black mamo birds - When testing hypothesis its important to consider alternative explanations that might account for your findings. Maybe Island lack individual group because they cannot survive in that setting.