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B3 1 exchange of materials
Dr Barker 2011
Across
3. The finger-like projections from the lining of the small intestine which increase the surface area for
the absorption of digested food into the blood.
5. The movement of substances against a concentration gradient and/or across a cell membrane, using
energy.
7. The loss of water vapour from the leaves of plants through the stomata when they are opened to
allow gas exchange for photosynthesis.
8. Cell on the root of a plant with microscopic hairs which increase the surface area for the absorption
of water and minerals from the soil.
10. An area with little or no gas pressure.
13. The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs. In humans this is brought about by the action
of the intercostals muscles on the ribs and the diaphragm.
15. The change of a liquid to a vapour at a temperature below its boiling point.
16. The cells which surround stomata in the leaves of plants and control their opening and closing.
18. The net movement of water from an area of high concentration (of water) to an area of low
concentration (of water) along a concentration gradient across a partially permeable membrane.
23. A surface where materials are exchanged.
26. The solid which dissolves in a solvent to form a solution.
27. The main tube lined with cartilage rings which carries air from the nose and mouth down towards the
lungs.
29. A strong sheet of muscle that separates the thorax from the digestive organs, used to change the
volume of the chest during ventilation of the lungs.
30. To restore water to a system.
31. The upper (chest) region of the body. In humans it includes the ribcage, heart and lungs.
Down
1. The movement of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves as a result of the loss of water
by evaporation from the surface of the leaves.
2. The process by which plants droop when they are short of water or too hot. This reduces further
water loss and prevents cell damage.
4. The muscles between the ribs which raise and lower them during breathing movements.
6. A system when the external pressure is lower than the internal pressure.
9. The waxy covering of a leaf which reduces water loss from the surface.
11. The tiny air sacs in the lungs which increase the surface area for gaseous exchange.
12. Having the same concentration of solutes as another solution.
14. The exchange of gases, e.g. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which occurs between the air
in the lungs and the blood.
17. A system where the external pressure is higher than the internal pressure.
19. With plenty of water.
20. The smallest blood vessels which run between individual cells. They have a wall which is only one cell
thick.
21. Allowing only certain substances to pass through.
22. Lacking in water.
24. Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
25. The stems involved in breathing: the ribs, intercostals muscles, diaphragm as well as the lungs and
the tubes which bring air into the body from the outside.
28. The lower region of the body. In humans it contains the digestive organs, kidneys, etc.
Dr Barker 2011