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Parts of Speech Review Pre-AP English 2 Nouns A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or idea. A proper noun names a particular person, place, thing, or idea. It begins with a capital letter. Examples: St. Louis, Margaret Mead, Chevrolet, Republican. A common noun does not name a particular person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: city, woman, automobile, political party. ***Frame Sentence*** Most nouns fit into this frame sentence: (The) ________ is (are) important (unimportant, interesting, uninteresting). Now watch this! Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. It may stand for a person, place, thing, or idea. A pronoun usually takes the place of a previously mentioned noun or noun phrase known as an antecedent. The pronoun and its antecedent may be in either the same sentence or separate, but usually adjacent, sentences. Example Dan said he will have the report done by Friday. He is the pronoun. Dan is the antecedent. Example The students worked in the field for an entire semester. At the end of the school year, they presented their findings at a conference. They is the pronoun. The students is the antecedent. Why is the following passage somewhat unclear? The study found that students succeed when they have clear directions, consistent and focused feedback, and access to help. This led administrators to create a tutoring center at our university. Better said… The study found that students succeed when they have clear directions, consistent and focused feedback, and access to help. The results of this study led administrators to create a tutoring center at our university. Pronouns include… I, me you he, him she, her it we, us they, them my, mine your, yours his her, hers its our, ours their, theirs and these… *also used as adjectives who whom *which *that *what whose *this *these *that *those *all another *any anybody *both *each …and these. *either everybody everyone *few *many most *neither nobody no one *one other *several *some Somebody Someone such Now watch this! Adjectives An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun. Most adjectives answer one of these questions: Which one? What kind of…? How many? What color (or size or shape, and so on)? Adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify, but occasionally follow them: enough time, time enough. The most common adjectives are the articles a, an, and the. ***Frame Sentences*** He told us about a/an ________ idea (person, animal, object). The idea (person, animal, object) is very _______. The _______ one seems very _______. Examples Jeff brought the pizza, golden and bubbly, to the table. The day seemed endless. You are wrong. Now watch this! Homework: Complete the exercise over nouns, pronouns and adjectives! GOOD LUCK! Review! Parts of Speech Review Day 2 Verbs A verb is a word that expresses action OR helps to make a statement by expressing being or experiencing. Helping verbs add meaning to a main verb, such as information about time, ability, or certainty. ***Frame Sentence*** for Action Verbs We should _______ (it). NOTE: With some verbs, it is not used. Linking Verbs include… Am Is Was Were Be Being Been Are Appear Become Feel Grow Look Remain Seem Smell Sound Stay Taste Some can also be action words. Often called “state-ofbeing” verbs. ***Frame Sentence*** for Linking Verbs It should ________ good (terrible, fine). Which sentence evokes a clearer image? The team captain was absolutely ecstatic. OR Grinning broadly, the team captain shot both her arms into the air. Action or Linking? Look at the map, and tell me what town we are approaching. ACTION – look, tell, are approaching This could be clearer; it does not show the new expressway. LINKING – could be ACTION – does show Action or Linking? A climate map looks different from a political map, but it is not as interesting to me. LINKING – looks, is Along the coast the deposits of a river may build a delta, which forms at the mouth of the river. ACTION – may build, forms Now watch this! Adverbs An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. They provide information about time, manner, place, and frequency, thus answering one of these questions: When? How? Where? How often? How much? To what extent? ***Frame Sentence*** They _____________ moved (danced, walked) across the room. She/He thinks ______. She/He __________ thinks fast. What do the adverbs add to the following sentences? The scientist delicately places the slide under the microscope. “You’re late,” he scolded vehemently. She is wistfully hopeful. Examples Rita measured the chemicals carefully. We will leave early. I have been there. We went far. Now watch this! Conjunctions A conjunction is a word that joins words and groups of words. The three kinds of conjunctions are coordinating, subordinating, and correlative. When the words join words or groups of words, they are conjunctions. Coordinating Conjunctions “FAN BOYS” For And Nor But Or Yet So Subordinating Conjunctions After Although As As if As long as As though Because Before Even if Even though Except If In order that Once Since So that Than Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Wherever Whether While Correlative Conjunctions Either…or Neither…nor Both…and Not only…but (also) Whether…or NOTE: These conjunctions are always used in pairs! Now watch this! Homework: Complete the exercise over verbs, adverbs and conjunctions! GOOD LUCK! Parts of Speech Review Day 3 Prepositions A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or pronoun that follows it to some other word in the sentence. Prepositions set up relationships between words. A preposition combines with a pronoun, noun, or noun phrase to create a prepositional phrase which functions as an adjective or adverb. “Anywhere a mouse can go…” About Above Across After Against Along Among Around At Before Behind Below Beneath Beside Besides Between Beyond But (meaning except) By Concerning Down Due to During Except For From In Into In spite of “Anywhere a mouse can go…” Instead of Like Of Off On Over Past Since Through Throughout To Toward Under Underneath Until Up Upon With Within Without and Phrasal Prepositions According to As for Because of Due to Except for In addition to In spite of Instead of With regard to Prepositional Phrases A phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech and NOT containing a subject and its verb. A prepositional phrase used as an adjective is an adjective phrase. A prepositional phrase used as an adverb is an adverb phrase. Adjective Phrases Remember: Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns. Our struggle against nature is unending. The guard at the entrance let us in. At the end of the day everyone was tired. Adverb Phrases Remember: Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Please call in the morning. We spent the afternoon at the museum. Broken china can be mended with glue. Now watch this! And finally, Interjections! Interjections are expressions of surprise or strong feeling. They are most commonly used before a sentence or at the beginning of a sentence to indicate surprise, dread, or some other strong emotion. They are generally followed by an exclamation point or a comma. Examples Wow! Your design is astounding. Oh no, you can’t be telling the truth. Now watch this! Homework Complete the exercises on conjunctions (to review some more), interjections, and prepositions. GOOD LUCK! Review! Subject, Verb, Complements Every sentence consists of two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject of a sentence is that part about which something is being said. The predicate is that part which says something about the subject. The simple subject and the simple predicate are essential parts of all sentences. Complements Many sentences have a third basic part, a complement, or completer, which completes the meaning begun by the subject and verb. There are four kinds of complements: the direct object, the indirect object, the predicate nominator, and the predicate adjective. The predicate nominative and predicate adjective are also called subject complements because they refer to the subject. The direct object and indirect object are also called the objective complements because each is an object that completes the meaning of the verb. Examples Simple Subject Verb The teacher gave The teacher gave My brother is Her grades have been Complement the answers. direct object him the answers. indirect object a pianist. subj. comp. satisfactory. subj. comp. Direct Objects The direct object is a word or group of words that receives the action of the verb or shows the result of the action. It answers the question whom or what after an action verb. They are usually pronouns, nouns, or noun phrases. To identify a direct object… …find the subject and the verb and then use them in a question ending with what or whom. Marie Curie discovered WHAT? The direct object would be: radium. Examples I.M. Pei designed the East Building of the National Gallery. Steve McQueen invented the bucket seat in 1960. Indirect Objects The indirect object precedes the direct object and usually tells to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done. They are typically pronouns, nouns, or noun phrases. They commonly appear after the verbs bring, buy, give, lend, offer, sell, and send. Examples I gave her your message. I gave what? your message To whom? her